dssdead-sea-scrolls
H — Miscellanea
Part 1
This closing section of the Dead Sea Scrolls volume gathers fragmentary and ancillary material: minute cryptic papyrus fragments assembled as 4Q249, including a partially reconstructed Messianic Rule dependent on 1QSa for its coherence; two Hebrew ostraca from Qumran's eastern wall documenting a property transfer to the Yahad community; a complete scroll catalogue covering all eleven Qumran caves; a bibliography of major editions and secondary studies; and a general index. The material is scholastic apparatus rather than doctrinal text — cataloguing the physical evidence of a covenant community that structured its life around law, initiation, common property, and messianic expectation.
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A large number of minute papyrus fragments written in a cryptic script have been assembled under the tide 4Q249. The editor, S. J. Pfann, has subdivided them into several units, the most important of which are The Midrash on the Book ofMoses and the cryptic Messianic Rule reconstructed on the basis of 1QSa. The remainder are mostly unidentified. The pieces are so small that they possess no independent significance. Even in the case of twenty-two fragments of the Messianic Rule the reconstruction presumes that the text of the Cave manuscript is 'canonical'. Should it, like most other Qumran manuscripts, lack definite wording, the placement of the unconnected tiny scraps would become uncertain. The dating of the script of the Messianic Rule to the middle of the second century BCE is also highly questionable. It cannot have been written before the Community Rule and the Damascus Document and very likely belongs to the mid-first century BCE. For the editio princeps, see S. J. Pfann, DJD, XXXV, 1-24; DJD, XXXVI, 515-701. 4Q249 i
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As it is written, And he went down the house of the king to the secretary's chamber.. For the greenish and reddish cavities.. from under the greenish or reddish.. and after being scraped in it to bring them out from the city.. from the house.. the dust and the stones and the wood.. after removing the stones.. the plague-spot has returned to the house and demolish the house.. all without plague-spot in it.. one judgement.. As it is written: the fish that is in the river will die in.. 4Q249a, fr. coming from little children to women, and they shall read into their ears all the precepts of the Covenant and to expound to them all their statutes that they may no longer stray in their errors. And this is the Rule for all the host of the congregation, for every native in Israel. From his youth they shall instruct him in the Book of Meditation and according to his age they shall make him understand the precepts of the Covenant. And he shall receive his discipline in their judgements for ten years
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Two Qumran Ostraca In the spring of 1996 two Hebrew ostraca were found by Professor James F. Strange of the University of South Florida. They were discovered in the base of the eastern face of the wall separating the community centre from the cemetery. The script is dated to the first century CE. For the editio princeps, see F. M. Cross and E. Eshel, DJD, XXXVI, 497-508.96 Ostracon no. 1. In year two of the.. 2. in Jericho, Honi son of gave 3. to 'El'azar son of Nahmani 4. Hisday from Holon 5. from this day to perpetuity 6. the boundaries of the house and 7. and the fig trees, the olive tree, and 8. when he fulfilled to the Community 9. and Honi 10. to him Hisday 11. and the 12. And into the hand of 13. 14. Hisday servant of Honi 15. Holon The text documents the gift of a slave, together with an estate and produce. Reference is made to fulfilling an oath, or a period of time as a neophyte, to the Yahad in line 8, using the term kmlwtw lyhd, 'when he fulfilled to the Community'. This terminology resembles
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that of the Community Rule, and as such may hint that this ostracon is a draft of an accounting of the Overseer.97 The proposed reading, especially in lines and 8, has been queried by various scholars, Ada Yardeni among them, 233-7). According to Yardeni, instead of 'Hisday from Holon' one should read 'these sackcloths', and instead of 'when he fulfilled to the Community', 'and every other tree'. The damaged cursive script of the ostracon being what it is, Ada Yardeni's readings are perfectly possible. Nevertheless 'sackcloths' at the head of a list of valuable gifts is quite out of place. Also, whereas the editors' yhd is questionable, their interpretation regarding the handing-over of personal property to the sect is supported by the absence of any indication of family relationship between the donor and recipient. Normally, a free gift, i.e. with no exchange of money, presupposes close family links, for example a gift from father to daughter. Ostracon no. A second ostracon, written by a different hand of the same period, reads: 1. 2. 3. Joseph son of Nathnael.. 4. his sons from 'En Gedi
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I. Appendix Scroll Catalogue Perhaps the greatest disservice rendered to scholarship by Roland de Vaux and his successors resulted from their obstinate refusal to release the list of the unpublished texts from Caves and 11. 'Outsiders' were not only denied access to them but were not even allowed to know what exactly they were not permitted to see! We had to wait until the spring of 1992 for Emanuel Tov, editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project since 1990, to correct this injustice by releasing the long-awaited 'secrets' and publishing them, at my invitation, in the Journal of Jewish Studies. Here follows a complete inventory of the manuscripts and fragments discovered in the eleven Qumran caves together with source references for all the published texts.1 For the final list of all the manuscript finds at Qumran, the other Judaean caves, Wadi Daliyeh, Khirbet Mird and Masada, see E. Tov, DJD, XXXLX, 27-114.
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NB. A list of the abbreviations used appears on pp. 91-2. CAVE 1
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CAVE CAVE CAVE CAVE 11
8
QUMRAN TEXTS OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
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QUMRAN OSTRACA I. The siglum DJD designates the series Discoveries in the JudaeanDesert published by Clarendon Press, Oxford. The following volumes have appeared so far: I. D. Barthélemy and J. T. Milik, Qumran Cave I. II. P. Benoit, J. T. Milik and R. de Vaux, Les grottes de Murabba'at. III. M. Baillet, J. T. Milik and R. de Vaux, Les petites grottes de Qumrân. IV. J. A. Sanders, The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave. V. J. M. Allegro and A. A. Anderson, Qumran Cave 4, VI. R. de Vaux and J. T. Milik, Qumrân Grotte 4, 11: 1. Archéologie. 11. Tefillin, Mezuzot et Targum. VII. M. Baillet, Qumrân Grotte 4,III. VIII. E. Tov, The Greek Minor Prophets from Nahal Hever. IX. P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich and J. E. Sanderson, Qumran Cave 4, IV:Palaeo-Hebrew and Greek Biblical Manuscripts. X. E. Qimron and J. Strugnell, Qumran Cave 4, V:Miqsat Ma'aseHa-Torah. XI. E. Eshel et al. Qumran Cave 4, VI:Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part. XII. Eugene Ulrich, F. M. Cross et al. Qumran Cave 4, VII: Genesis to Numbers. XIII. H. Attridge et al. Qumran Cave 4, VIII: Parabiblical Texts, Part I. XIV. Eugene Ulrich and F. M. Cross, Qumran Cave 4, IX:Deuteronomy,Joshua,Judges, Kings.
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XV. E. Ulrich et al. Qumran Cave 4, X: The Prophets. XVI. E. Ulrich et al. Qumran Cave 4, XI: Psalms to Chronicles. XVII. F. M. Cross et al. Qumran Cave 4, XII: 1-2 Samuel. XVIII. J. M. Baumgarten, Qumran Cave 4, XIII, The Damascus Document. XIX. M. Broshi et al. Qumran Cave 4, XIV:Parabiblical Texts, Part. XX. T. Elgvin et al. Qumran Cave 4, XV:Sapiential Texts, Part I. XXI. S. Talmon et al. Qumran Cave 4, XVI: Calendrical Texts. XXII. G. Brooke et al. Qumran Cave 4, XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part. XXIII. F. García Martinez et al. Qumran Cave II, II:11Q2-18, 11Q20-30. XXIV. M. J. W. Leith, Wadi Daliyeh 1: Wadi Daliyeh Seal Impressions. XXV. E. Puech, Qumrân Grotte 4, XVIII: Textes hébreux. XXVI. P. Alexander and G. Vermes, Qumran Cave 4, XIX:4QSerekh Ha-Yabad and Two Related Texts. XXVII. H. Cotton and A. Yardeni, Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever and Other Sites, with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts. XXVIII. D. M. Gropp, Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh. E. Schuller et al. Qumran Cave 4, XXVIII: Miscellanea, Part. XXIX. E. Chazon et al. Qumran Cave 4, XX: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part. XXX. D. Dimant, Qumran Cave 4, XXI:Parabiblical Texts, Part 4: Pseudo-Prophetic Texts. XXXI. E. Puech, Qumran Cave 4, XXII: Textes araméens, première partie: 4Q529-549.
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XXXII. P. W. Flint and E. Ulrich, Qumran Cave I, II:The Isaiah Scrolls. XXXIII. D. Pike and A. Skinner, QumranCave 4, XXIII: Unidentified Fragments. XXXIV. J. Strugnell et al. Qumran Cave 4, XXIV: 4Q Instructions: 4Q415ff. XXXV. J. Baumgarten et al. Qumran Cave 4, XXV:HalakhicTexts. XXXVI. S. Pfann, Cryptic Texts; P. Alexander et al. Qumran Cave 4, XXVI:Miscellanea, PartI. XXXVII. E. Puech, Qumran Cave 4, XXVII:Textes araméens, deuxième partie: 4Q550-575,580-582. XXXVIII. J. Charlesworth et al. Miscellaneous Texts from the Judaean Desert. XXXIX. E. Tov et al. The Texts from the Judaean Desert: Indices and an Introduction. 2. Frs. 19-21 have been identified as belonging to Jubilees by M. Kister, RQ, 529-36. and 4. The latest views are that 7Q4, 7Q8 and 7Q11-14 represent remains of chapters and of the Greek version of the Book of Enoch. Cf. E. A. Muro Jr. RQ, 307-12; E. Puech, RQ, 313-23.
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Index of QumranTexts Figures in bold indicate the classification of fragments; other figures are page numbers. IQS I I, 11-12 I, 24-II, I-III, I-IV II, 4-7 II, II, 21-23 III, III, 4-5 III, III, 12-IV, IV, 4-6 IV, IV, V, V, 1-20 V, 1-VI, V-IX V-XI
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VI VI, 7-10 VI, VI, VI, VI, 16-17 VI, VI, VI-VII VII, 3-4 VII, VII, 9-10 VII, 10-12 VII, VII, 13-14 VII, 14-15 VII, 15-16 VII, VII, 17-18 VII, 18-19 VII, 20-21 VII, 20-VIII, VII, VII, 24-IX, 10, VIII, VIII, 1-9 VIII, 11-10 VIII, 4-IX, VIII, 5
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VIII, VIII, 6-21 VIII, VIII, 11-15 VIII, VIII, 15b-IX,11 IX, IX, IX, 15-X, IX, IX-XI X, 4-12 X, X, 12-18 X-XI XI, XI, 14-15 1Qsa 1Qsa, i 1QSb V, 20-29 IQH I-III IV-XXIII fr. fr. frs 46, 55, IQM I II
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III V VII IX XI XIII XV XV-XIX XVII XIX IQapGen IQpHab IQ-3Q IQI4 1Q15 1Q16 1Q17-18 1Q19 fr. fr. frs 13-14 1Q19 bis 1Q20 1Q21
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1Q22 1Q23-4 1Q26 1Q27 1Q28a 1Q28b 1Q29 1Q32 1Q33 1Q34, bis 1Q35 1Q36 1Q37-40 2Q19-20 2Q21 2Q22 2Q24 2Q26 3Q4 3Q15 4QD 4QMMT, B 58-9 4QpIsa 4Qproto-Esther 4QSd 4QSe 4Q fragments 4Q88 VII-VIII IX-X 4Q119 4Q119-22 4Q120
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fr. 4Q212 4Q122 4Q126 4Q127 4Q156 fr. fr. 4Q156-7 4Q157 4Q158 frs I-2 4Q159 frs 2-4 4Q160 fr. frs 3-5 4Q161 frs 5-6 frs 8-10 4Q161-4 4Q161-5 4Q162 4Q163 4Q164 4Q166 4Q166-7 4Q167 fr. frs 7-9 4Q168 4Q169
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frs 1-2 4Q170 4Q171 4Q172 4Q173 4Q174 4Q175 4Q176 4Q177 frs 7, 9, 10-11 20, 4Q179 fr. 4Q180 4Q181 4Q182 4Q183 4Q184 4Q185 4Q186 fr. fr. 4Q196 fr. fr. fr. fr. i fr. 14ii fr. fr. 4Q196-9 4Q196-200 4Q197 fr. 4
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fr. 4Q198, fr. 4Q200 fr. fr. fr. fr. 4Q20112 4Q203 4Q204 4Q206 fr. xxii fr. xxvi 4Q208 4Q209 fr. 4Q213, fr. 4Q213-14 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214, fr. 4Q214a fr. frs 2-3 4Q214b, frs 2-6 4Q215 fr. fr. 4Q215a fr. ii 4Q216 4Q216-28
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4Q217 4Q218 4Q219 4Q220 fr. 4Q221 4Q222 4Q223-4 4Q225 fr. 4Q225-7 4Q226 fr. 4Q227 fr. 4Q228 4Q232 4Q242 4Q243,fr. 4Q243-5 4Q244 4Q245 frs i-ii 4Q246 4Q247 4Q248 fr. 4Q249 4Q249a-h 4Q249a-i 4Q249j-z 4Q249a, fr. 4Q249 i
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4Q250 4Q250a-j 4Q251 frs 1-2 frs 4-7 fr. fr. fr. fr. 4Q252 fr.1 4Q252-4 4Q252 ii 4Q253 fr. fr. 4Q253a 4Q254 fr. frs 5-6 4Q254a, fr. 4Q255 4Q255-64 4Q256 4Q257 4Q258 4Q259 4Q264a 4Q265 fr. fr. fr. 3
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fr. fr. fr. fr. ii 4Q265-73 4Q266 frs a-b fr. fr. i fr. fr. fr. i fr. iii-iv fr. i fr. ii fr. fr. 4Q266-73 4Q267 fr. fr. ii fr. iv fr. v 4Q268 fr. 4Q269 fr. fr. i-ii fr. i-ii 4Q270 fr. fr. ii-iii fr. iii
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fr. fr. i-ii 4Q271 fr. 4Q272, fr. 4Q273 fr. 2, fr. i fr. ii 4Q274 fr. i fr. i frs i-ii 4Q275 4Q276 4Q277 4Q279 4Q280 fr. 4Q284, fr. 4Q285 fr. fr. fr. fr. 4Q286 fr. 1a ii fr. fr. fr. fr. 7a i 4Q286-7
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4Q286-90 4Q287 fr. fr. fr. 4Q288 4Q298 frs 1-2 i frs 3-4 ii 4Q299 fr. fr. 2i fr. 3a 4Q299-301 4Q300 fr. ii fr. 1a fr. 4Q301, fr. 4Q302 fr. ii fr. ii 4Q306 4Q313 4Q313a-b 4Q317 4Q318 4Q319 frs 1-3 frs 2-5, 9, frs 5-8 4Q320 fr. i
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fr. fr. i fr. fr. iii 4Q320-30 4Q321 fr. fr. fr. frs 4-5 fr. fr. 4Q321a 4Q322 4Q325 fr. fr. 4Q326 4Q328 4Q331 fr. i fr. ii 4Q331-3 4Q332 fr. fr. 4Q333, fr. 4Q334 frs 2-4 4Q339 4Q340 4Q364, fr. 3
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4Q364-7 4Q365 fr. 6a ii fr. 6b fr. 6c fr. 4Q365a 4Q369 fr. fr. frs 3-9 4Q370 4Q371-3 4Q372 fr. fr. 4Q373 frs 1-2 fr. 4Q374 fr. 4Q374-7 4Q375 fr. 4Q376 fr. 4Q377 fr. ii 4Q378 fr. i fr. fr. fr. i584
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4Q379 fr. fr. fr. fr. fr. ii 4Q380 fr.i fr. 40380-81 4Q381 fr. fr. fr. fr. fr. fr. fr. fr. fr. frs 76-7 4Q382 fr. 4Q383 4Q384 4Q385 fr. fr. fr. fr. 4Q385a fr. 4
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fr. fr. 4Q385b 4Q385c 4Q386 fr. frs ii-iii 4Q387 fr. ii fr. iii fr. 4Q387a 4Q388 fr. 4Q388a fr. fr. ii 4Q389 4Q390 fr. fr. i 4Q391 4Q392 fr. frs 2, 4Q393 4Q394 frs 1-2 frs 3-7 i frs 3-7 ii fr. iii fr. iv 4Q394-9
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4Q395 4Q396 frs. 1-2 i frs. 1-2 ii frs. 1-2 iii frs. 1-2 iv 4Q397 frs. 1-2 fr. fr. frs 6-13 frs 14-21 4Q398 frs 1-3 frs. 11-13 frs. 14-17 i frs 14-17 ii 4Q399 4Q400 fr. i fr. 4Q400-407 4Q401, fr. 4Q402,fr. 4Q403 fr. i fr. ii 4Q404-5 4Q405 frs. 14-15 i fr. fr. ii
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fr. i fr. ii 4Q408 fr. fr. 3a 4Q412423 fr. 4Q413 4Q414 fr. ii 4Q415 4Q415-18 4Q416 fr. fr. i fr. ii fr. iii fr. 4Q417 fr. i fr. i fr. ii fr. 4Q418 fr. fr. frs 9-10 fr. frs. 43-45 i fr. fr. fr. fr.103 ii
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4Q418a 4Q418b 4Q420, fr. 4Q42-21 4Q421 fr. fr. ii fr. 1a i 4Q422 4Q423 frs 1-2 fr. fr. 4Q424 fr. fr. 4Q427-32 4Q431, fr. 4Q433a, fr. 4Q434 fr. fr. ii fr. fr. 7b 4Q434-5 4Q434-8 4Q435, fr. 4Q436 4Q437,fr. i 4Q439 fr. i 4Q444
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frs 1-4 i 4Q448 4Q462 4Q462-4 4Q463 4Q464 4Q468e 4Q470 fr. fr. 4Q471 4Q471a 4Q471b 4Q473 4Q475 4Q477 fr. 4Q481a fr. 4Q482 4Q491 frs 11-3 fr. 4Q491-7 4Q492 4Q493 4Q497 4Q501 4Q502 4Q503 frs 7-9 fr. 4Q504
