H — Miscellanea
Cryptic Texts (4Q249, 250, 313)
1A large number of minute papyrus fragments written in a cryptic script have been assembled under the tide 4Q249. The editor, S. J. Pfann, has subdivided them into several units, the most important of which are The Midrash on the Book ofMoses(4Q249) and the cryptic Messianic Rule (4Q249a-i) reconstructed on the basis of 1QSa. The remainder (4Q249j-z; 250a-j; 313a-b) are mostly unidentified. The pieces are so small that they possess no independent significance. Even in the case of twenty-two fragments of the Messianic Rule the reconstruction presumes that the text of the Cave 1 manuscript is 'canonical'. Should it, like most other Qumran manuscripts, lack definite wording, the placement of the unconnected tiny scraps would become uncertain. The dating of the script of the Messianic Rule to the middle of the second century BCE is also highly questionable. It cannot have been written before the Community Rule and the Damascus Document and very likely belongs to the mid-first century BCE. For the editio princeps, see S. J. Pfann, DJD, XXXV, 1-24; DJD, XXXVI, 515-701. 4Q249 i (The letters in italics indicate the surviving text. The rest is hypothetical reconstruction. The examples below are meant to illustrate the nature of the conjectures. The presumed subject is leprosy and the cleansing of garments and of the house; cf. Leviticus xiv.)
2[As it is written,] And he went down (in) the house [of the king to the secretary's chamber (Jer. xxxvi, 12?)... F]or the [greenish and reddish] cavities (?) ... from under the [greenish or reddish (?)] ... [and after] being scraped in it to b[ring them out from the city] ... from the house ... [the dust and] the sto[ne]s and the [wood] ... [after] removing the [stones] ... [the plague-spot has returned] to the house and demolish [the house] ... [al]l without [plague-spot] in [it] ... one [judge]ment ... [As it is written: the fish that is in the riv]er will die (Ex. vii, 18?) in ... 4Q249a, fr. 1 (= 1QSa i, 4-8) [coming from little children] t[o women, and they shall read into their ears all the precepts of the Covena]nt and to ex[pound to them all their statutes that they may no longer stray in their err]ors. And [this is the Rule for all the host of the congregation, for every] na[tive] in I[srael. From his youth they shall inst]ru[ct him] in the B[ook of Meditation and according to his age they shall make him understand the precepts of the Coven]a[nt. And he shall receive his discipline in their judgements for ten] years
3Two Qumran Ostraca In the spring of 1996 two Hebrew ostraca were found by Professor James F. Strange of the University of South Florida. They were discovered in the base of the eastern face of the wall separating the community centre from the cemetery. The script is dated to the first century CE. For the editio princeps, see F. M. Cross and E. Eshel, DJD, XXXVI, 497-508.96 Ostracon no. 1 1. In year two of the [...] 2. in Jericho, Honi son of [ ] gave 3. to 'El'azar son of Nahmani [ ] 4. Hisday from Holon [ ] 5. from this day to perpetui[ty] 6. the boundaries of the house and [ ] 7. and the fig trees, the ol[ive tree (?), and ] 8. when he fulfilled (his oath) to the Community (?) [ ] 9. and Honi [ ] 10. to him His[day (?) ] 11. and the [ ] 12. And into the hand of [ ] 13. [ ] 14. Hisday servant of H[oni (?) ] 15. Holon The text documents the gift of a slave, together with an estate and produce. Reference is made to fulfilling an oath, or a period of time as a neophyte, to the Yahad in line 8, using the term kml(')wtw lyhd, 'when he fulfilled (his oath) to the Community'. This terminology resembles
4that of the Community Rule (1QS vi), and as such may hint that this ostracon is a draft of an accounting (heshbon) of the Overseer.97 The proposed reading, especially in lines 4 and 8, has been queried by various scholars, Ada Yardeni among them ('A Draft Deed on an Ostracon from Khirbet Qumran', IEJ 47 (1997), 233-7). According to Yardeni, instead of 'Hisday from Holon' ('t Hsdy mHwln) one should read 'these sackcloths' ('t hsqym hllw), and instead of 'when he fulfilled (his oath) to the Community' (wkmlwttw lyhd), 'and every other tree' (wkwl 'yln 'hr). The damaged cursive script of the ostracon being what it is, Ada Yardeni's readings are perfectly possible. Nevertheless 'sackcloths' at the head of a list of valuable gifts is quite out of place. Also, whereas the editors' yhd (Community) is questionable, their interpretation regarding the handing-over of personal property to the sect is supported by the absence of any indication of family relationship between the donor and recipient. Normally, a free gift, i.e. with no exchange of money, presupposes close family links, for example a gift from father to daughter. Ostracon no. 2 A second ostracon, written by a different hand of the same period, reads: 1. (?) 2. (?) 3. [Jose]ph son of Nathna[el...] 4. his [s]ons from 'En Gedi(?)
5I. Appendix Scroll Catalogue Perhaps the greatest disservice rendered to scholarship by Roland de Vaux and his successors resulted from their obstinate refusal to release the list of the unpublished texts from Caves 4 and 11. 'Outsiders' were not only denied access to them but were not even allowed to know what exactly they were not permitted to see! We had to wait until the spring of 1992 for Emanuel Tov, editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project since 1990, to correct this injustice by releasing the long-awaited 'secrets' and publishing them, at my invitation, in the Journal of Jewish Studies. Here follows a complete inventory of the manuscripts and fragments discovered in the eleven Qumran caves together with source references for all the published texts.1 For the final list of all the manuscript finds at Qumran, the other Judaean caves, Wadi Daliyeh, Khirbet Mird and Masada, see E. Tov, DJD, XXXLX, 27-114.
6NB. A list of the abbreviations used appears on pp. 91-2. CAVE 1
7CAVE 8 CAVE 9 CAVE 10 CAVE 11
8QUMRAN TEXTS OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
9QUMRAN OSTRACA I. The siglum DJD designates the series Discoveries in the JudaeanDesert published by Clarendon Press, Oxford. The following volumes have appeared so far: I. D. Barthélemy and J. T. Milik, Qumran Cave I (1955). II. P. Benoit, J. T. Milik and R. de Vaux, Les grottes de Murabba'at (1961). III. M. Baillet, J. T. Milik and R. de Vaux, Les petites grottes de Qumrân (1962). IV. J. A. Sanders, The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave II (1965). V. J. M. Allegro and A. A. Anderson, Qumran Cave 4, 1 (4Q158- 4Q186) (1968). VI. R. de Vaux and J. T. Milik, Qumrân Grotte 4, 11: 1. Archéologie. 11. Tefillin, Mezuzot et Targum (4Q128-4Q157) (1977). VII. M. Baillet, Qumrân Grotte 4,III(4Q482-4Q520) (1982). VIII. E. Tov, The Greek Minor Prophets from Nahal Hever (1990). IX. P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich and J. E. Sanderson, Qumran Cave 4, IV:Palaeo-Hebrew and Greek Biblical Manuscripts(1992). X. E. Qimron and J. Strugnell, Qumran Cave 4, V:Miqsat Ma'aseHa-Torah (1994). XI. E. Eshel et al., Qumran Cave 4, VI:Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 1 (1998). XII. Eugene Ulrich, F. M. Cross et al., Qumran Cave 4, VII: Genesis to Numbers (1994). XIII. H. Attridge et al., Qumran Cave 4, VIII: Parabiblical Texts, Part I (1994; in fact 1995). XIV. Eugene Ulrich and F. M. Cross, Qumran Cave 4, IX:Deuteronomy,Joshua,Judges, Kings (1996).
10XV. E. Ulrich et al., Qumran Cave 4, X: The Prophets (1997). XVI. E. Ulrich et al., Qumran Cave 4, XI: Psalms to Chronicles (2000). XVII. F. M. Cross et al., Qumran Cave 4, XII: 1-2 Samuel (forthcoming). XVIII. J. M. Baumgarten, Qumran Cave 4, XIII, The Damascus Document (4Q266- 4Q273) (1996). XIX. M. Broshi et al., Qumran Cave 4, XIV:Parabiblical Texts, Part II (1995). XX. T. Elgvin et al., Qumran Cave 4, XV:Sapiential Texts, Part I (1997). XXI. S. Talmon et al., Qumran Cave 4, XVI: Calendrical Texts (2001). XXII. G. Brooke et al., Qumran Cave 4, XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part III (1996). XXIII. F. García Martinez et al., Qumran Cave II, II:11Q2-18, 11Q20-30 (1998). XXIV. M. J. W. Leith, Wadi Daliyeh 1: Wadi Daliyeh Seal Impressions (1997). XXV. E. Puech, Qumrân Grotte 4, XVIII: Textes hébreux (4Q521- 528, 4Q576-579) (1998). XXVI. P. Alexander and G. Vermes, Qumran Cave 4, XIX:4QSerekh Ha-Yabad and Two Related Texts (1998). XXVII. H. Cotton and A. Yardeni, Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever and Other Sites, with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts (The Seiyâl Collection) (1997). XXVIII. D. M. Gropp, Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh. E. Schuller et al., Qumran Cave 4, XXVIII: Miscellanea, Part 2 (2001). XXIX. E. Chazon et al., Qumran Cave 4, XX: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 2 (1999). XXX. D. Dimant, Qumran Cave 4, XXI:Parabiblical Texts, Part 4: Pseudo-Prophetic Texts (2001). XXXI. E. Puech, Qumran Cave 4, XXII: Textes araméens, première partie: 4Q529-549 (2001).
11XXXII. P. W. Flint and E. Ulrich, Qumran Cave I, II:The Isaiah Scrolls (forthcoming). XXXIII. D. Pike and A. Skinner, QumranCave 4, XXIII: Unidentified Fragments (2001). XXXIV. J. Strugnell et al., Qumran Cave 4, XXIV: 4Q Instructions: 4Q415ff. (1999). XXXV. J. Baumgarten et al., Qumran Cave 4, XXV:HalakhicTexts (1999). XXXVI. S. Pfann, Cryptic Texts; P. Alexander et al., Qumran Cave 4, XXVI:Miscellanea, PartI (2000). XXXVII. E. Puech, Qumran Cave 4, XXVII:Textes araméens, deuxième partie: 4Q550-575,580-582 (forthcoming). XXXVIII. J. Charlesworth et al., Miscellaneous Texts from the Judaean Desert (2000). XXXIX. E. Tov et al., The Texts from the Judaean Desert: Indices and an Introduction (2002). 2. Frs. 19-21 have been identified as belonging to Jubilees by M. Kister, RQ 12 (1985-7), 529-36. 3 and 4. The latest views are that 7Q4, 7Q8 and 7Q11-14 represent remains of chapters 100 and 103 of the Greek version of the Book of Enoch. Cf. E. A. Muro Jr., RQ 18 (1997), 307-12; E. Puech, RQ 18 (1997), 313-23.
12Index of QumranTexts Figures in bold indicate the classification of fragments; other figures are page numbers. IQS I I, 11-12 I, 24-II, 1 I-III, 11 I-IV II II, 4-7 II, 19 II, 21-23 III III, 1 III, 4-5 III, 9 III, 12-IV, 25 IV IV, 4-6 IV, 18 IV, 21 V V, 1 V, 1-20 V, 1-VI, 7 V-IX V-XI
13VI VI, 7-10 VI, 14 VI, 15 VI, 16 VI, 16-17 VI, , 18 VI, , 20 VI-VII VII VII, 3-4 VII, 4 VII, 9-10 VII, 10-12 VII, 13 VII, 13-14 VII, 14-15 VII, 15-16 VII, 17 VII, 17-18 VII, 18-19 VII VII, 20-21 VII, 20-VIII, 10 VII, 23 VII, 24-IX, 10, 15 VIII VIII, 1 VIII, 1-9 VIII, 11-10 VIII, 4-IX, 11 VIII, 5
14VIII, 6 VIII, 6-21 VIII, 9 VIII, 11-15 VIII, 15 VIII, 15b-IX,11 IX IX, 11 IX, 12 IX, 15-X, 3 IX, 25 IX-XI X X, 4-12 X, 9 X, 12-18 X-XI XI XI, XI, 14-15 1Qsa 1Qsa, i 1QSb V, 20-29 IQH I-III IV-XXIII fr. 7 fr. 8 frs 46, 55, 56 IQM I II
15III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XV-XIX XVI XVII XVIII XIX IQapGen IQpHab IQ-3Q IQI4 1Q15 1Q16 1Q17-18 1Q19 fr. 1 fr. 3 frs 13-14 1Q19 bis 1Q20 1Q21
161Q22 1Q23-4 1Q26 1Q27 1Q28a 1Q28b 1Q29 1Q32 1Q33 1Q34, 34 bis 1Q35 1Q36 1Q37-40 2Q19-20 2Q21 2Q22 2Q24 2Q26 3Q4 3Q15 4QD 4QMMT, B 58-9 4QpIsa 4Qproto-Esther 4QSd 4QSe 4Q fragments 4Q88 VII-VIII IX-X 4Q119 4Q119-22 4Q120
17fr. 20 4Q212 4Q122 4Q126 4Q127 4Q156 fr. 1 fr. 2 . 4Q156-7 4Q157 4Q158 frs I-2 4Q159 frs 2-4 4Q160 fr. 1 frs 3-5 4Q161 frs 5-6 frs 8-10 4Q161-4 4Q161-5 4Q162 4Q163 4Q164 4Q166 4Q166-7 4Q167 fr. 2 frs 7-9 4Q168 4Q169
18frs 1-2 4Q170 4Q171 4Q172 4Q173 4Q174 4Q175 4Q176 4Q177 frs 7, 9, 10-11 20, 26 4Q179 fr. 2 4Q180 4Q181 4Q182 4Q183 4Q184 4Q185 4Q186 fr. 1 fr. 2 4Q196 fr. 2 fr. 6 fr. 13 fr. 14 i fr. 14ii fr. 17 fr. 18 4Q196-9 4Q196-200 4Q197 fr. 4
19fr. 5 4Q198, fr. 1 4Q200 fr. 2 fr. 4 fr. 6 fr. 7 4Q20112 4Q203 4Q204 4Q206 fr. 1 xxii fr. 1 xxvi 4Q208 4Q209 fr. 7 4Q213, fr. 1 4Q213-14 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214, fr. 2 4Q214a fr. 1 frs 2-3 4Q214b, frs 2-6 4Q215 fr. 1 fr. 2 4Q215a fr. 1 ii 4Q216 4Q216-28
204Q217 4Q218 4Q219 4Q220 fr. 1 4Q221 4Q222 4Q223-4 4Q225 fr. 2 4Q225-7 4Q226 fr. 7 4Q227 fr. 2 4Q228 4Q232 4Q242 4Q243,fr. 3 4Q243-5 4Q244 4Q245 frs 1 i-ii 4Q246 4Q247 4Q248 fr. 15 4Q249 4Q249a-h 4Q249a-i 4Q249j-z 4Q249a, fr. 1 4Q249 i
214Q250 4Q250a-j 4Q251 frs 1-2 frs 4-7 fr. 8 fr. 9 fr. 16 fr. 17 4Q252 fr.1 4Q252-4 4Q252 ii 4Q253 fr. 1 fr. 3 4Q253a 4Q254 fr. 1 frs 5-6 4Q254a, fr. 3 4Q255 4Q255-64 4Q256 4Q257 4Q258 4Q259 4Q264a 4Q265 fr. 1 fr. 2 fr. 3
22fr. 4 fr. 6 fr. 7 fr. 7 ii 4Q265-73 4Q266 frs 1 a-b fr. 2 fr. 2 i fr. 5 fr. 6 fr. 6 i fr. 6 iii-iv fr. 8 i fr. 9 ii fr. 10 fr. 11 4Q266-73 4Q267 fr. 1 fr. 5 ii fr. 9 iv fr. 9 v 4Q268 fr. 1 4Q269 fr. 4 fr. 8 i-ii fr. 11 i-ii 4Q270 fr. 3 fr. 3 ii-iii fr. 3 iii
23fr. 7 fr. 7 i-ii 4Q271 fr. 2 4Q272, fr. 1 4Q273 fr. 2, fr. 4 i fr. 4 ii 4Q274 fr. 1 i fr. 2 i frs 3 i-ii 4Q275 4Q276 4Q277 4Q279 4Q280 fr. 2 4Q284, fr. 1 4Q285 fr. 1 fr. 4 fr. 7 fr. 8 4Q286 fr. 1a ii fr. 2 fr. 3 fr. 5 fr. 7a i 4Q286-7
244Q286-90 4Q287 fr. 3 fr. 6 fr. 10 4Q288 4Q298 frs 1-2 i frs 3-4 ii 4Q299 fr. 1 fr. 2i fr. 3a 4Q299-301 4Q300 fr. 1 ii fr. 1a fr. 5 4Q301, fr. 1 4Q302 fr. 2 ii fr. 3 ii 4Q306 4Q313 4Q313a-b 4Q317 4Q318 4Q319 frs 1-3 frs 2-5, 9, 23 frs 5-8 4Q320 fr. 1 i
25fr. 2 fr. 3 i fr. 4 fr. 4 iii 4Q320-30 4Q321 fr. 1 fr. 2 fr. 3 frs 4-5 fr. 4 fr. 5 4Q321a 4Q322 4Q325 fr. 1 fr. 2 4Q326 4Q328 4Q331 fr. 1 i fr. 1 ii 4Q331-3 4Q332 fr. 2 fr. 3 4Q333, fr. 1 4Q334 frs 2-4 4Q339 4Q340 4Q364, fr. 3
264Q364-7 4Q365 fr. 6a ii fr. 6b fr. 6c fr. 23 4Q365a 4Q369 fr. 1 fr. 2 frs 3-9 4Q370 4Q371-3 4Q372 fr. 1 fr. 3 4Q373 frs 1-2 fr. 19 4Q374 fr. 2 4Q374-7 4Q375 fr. 1 4Q376 fr. 1 4Q377 fr. 2 ii 4Q378 fr. 6 i fr. 11 fr. 14 fr. 22 i584
274Q379 fr. 1 fr. 12 fr. 17 fr. 22 fr. 22 ii 4Q380 fr .i fr. 2 40380-81 4Q381 fr. 1 fr. 15 fr. 17 fr. 24 fr. 31 fr. 33 fr. 45 fr. 46 fr. 69 frs 76-7 4Q382 fr. 104 4Q383 4Q384 4Q385 fr. 2 fr. 3 fr. 4 fr. 6 4Q385a fr. 4
28fr. 5 fr. 18 4Q385b 4Q385c 4Q386 fr. 1 frs 1 ii-iii 4Q387 fr. 2 ii fr. 2 iii fr. 3 4Q387a 4Q388 fr. 7 4Q388a fr. 7 fr. 7 ii 4Q389 4Q390 fr. 1 fr. 2 i 4Q391 4Q392 fr. 1 frs 2, 5 4Q393 4Q394 frs 1-2 frs 3-7 i frs 3-7 ii fr. 8 iii fr. 8 iv 4Q394-9
294Q395 4Q396 frs. 1-2 i frs. 1-2 ii frs. 1-2 iii frs. 1-2 iv 4Q397 frs. 1-2 fr. 3 fr. 5 frs 6-13 frs 14-21 4Q398 frs 1-3 frs. 11-13 frs. 14-17 i frs 14-17 ii 4Q399 4Q400 fr. 1 i fr. 2 4Q400-407 4Q401, fr. 14 4Q402,fr. 4 4Q403 fr. 1 i fr. 1 ii 4Q404-5 4Q405 frs. 14-15 i fr. 19 fr. 20 ii
30fr. 23 i fr. 23 ii 4Q408 fr. 3 fr. 3a 4Q412423 fr. 1 4Q413 4Q414 fr. 2 ii 4Q415 4Q415-18 4Q416 fr. 1 fr. 2 i fr. 2 ii fr. 2 iii fr. 4 4Q417 fr. 1 i fr. 2 i fr. 2 ii fr. 5 4Q418 fr. 2 fr. 8 frs 9-10 fr. 10 frs. 43-45 i fr. 55 fr. 69 fr. 81 fr.103 ii
314Q418a 4Q418b 4Q420, fr. 1 4Q42-21 4Q421 fr. 1 fr. 1 ii fr. 1a i 4Q422 4Q423 frs 1-2 fr. 5 fr. 8 4Q424 fr. 1 fr. 3 4Q427-32 4Q431, fr. 1 4Q433a, fr. 2 4Q434 fr. 1 fr. 1 ii fr. 2 fr. 7b 4Q434-5 4Q434-8 4Q435, fr. 1 4Q436 4Q437,fr. 2 i 4Q439 fr. 1 i 4Q444
32frs 1-4 i 4Q448 4Q462 4Q462-4 4Q463 4Q464 4Q468e 4Q470 fr. 1 fr. 3 4Q471 4Q471a 4Q471b 4Q473 4Q475 4Q477 fr. 2 4Q481a fr. 2 4Q482(?) 4Q491 frs 11-3 fr. 11 4Q491-7 4Q492 4Q493 4Q497 4Q501 4Q502 4Q503 frs 7-9 fr. 11 4Q504
33fr. 3 fr. 4 fr. 6 fr. 8 recto 4Q504-6 4Q507,fr. 1 4Q507-9 4Q508 fr. 1 fr. 2 fr. 3 4Q509 fr. 3 fr. 132 4Q51O 4Q510-11 4Q511 fr. 1 451-2 fr. 2 fr. 8 fr. 18 frs 28-9 fr. 30 fr. 35 fr. 63 fr. 63-4 4Q512 fr. 11 frs 29-32 frs 42-44 ii 4Q513 frs 11-2
34frs 2-4 4Q513-14 4Q514 4Q521 fr. 2 fr. 7 4Q522 fr. 9 4Q523 4Q524 4Q525 fr. 2 fr. 5 fr. 14 ii 4Q529 4Q530, frs 2, 6-12 4Q530-33 4Q531, fr. 22 4Q534 fr. 7 4Q534-6 4Q536 4Q537 fr. 12 4Q537-41 4Q538-9 4Q540-41 4Q541 fr. 9 fr. 24 ii 4Q542 4Q543 fr. 1
354Q543-9 4Q543a 4Q544 fr. 1 fr. 2 4Q545 4Q546 4Q546d 4Q547 4Q548 4Q549 4Q550 4Q552, fr. 1 ii 4Q552-3 4Q554, fr. 1 4Q554-5 4Q561 5Q9 5Q11 5Q12 5Q13 5Q15 6Q8 6Q15 6Q19 6Q23 7Q1 7Q1-2 7Q2 7Q3-19 7Q4 7Q5
367Q6 7Q7 7Q8 7Q10 7Q15 11Q 11Q5 11Q1O 11Q11 11Q12 11Q213 frs 1-4 11Q14 11Q17 vii viii 11Q18 fr. 20 11Q19-20 11Q19-21 11Q20 11Q29 11QT I II III-XII V, 16-18 XIII-LXVII XVII, 11 XXXVIII, 4-15 XLV, 11-12 LII, 17-18 LVIII, 16-18
37LXIV, 6-13 LXVI, 15-17 CD I I,1 II II, 1 III IV IV, 19-21 IV, 20-V, 11 V V, 13-14 V, 18-VI, 2 VI VI, 20-VII VII VIII IX IX, 1 IX, IX, IX, 16-20 X XI XI, 3 XI, 13-14 XI, 16-17 XII XII, 1-2
38XIII XIV XIV, 5-6 XV XVI MS. A MS. B Damascus Document MSS, Cave 4 Masada 1039-200 Masada 1039-211 fr. A Ostraca no. 1 no. 2
39Major Editions of Qumran Manuscripts Microfiche Edition E. Tov, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls on Microfiche (Leiden, 1992); A Companion Volume to the Dead Sea Scrolls Microfiche Edition, Leiden, 1995. Photographic Edition Robert H. Eisenman and James M. Robinson, eds., AFacsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, I-II, Washington, 1991. CD-ROM Edition T. H. Lim, The Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Reference Library, Vol. I, Oxford/Leiden, 1907. Computer Reconstructed Edition B. Z. Wacholder and M. G. Abegg, A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea ScrollsI-III, Washington, 1991—5. Cave I M. Burrows, J. C. Trever and W. H. Brownlee, The Dead Sea Scrolls of St Mark's Monastery, I, New Haven, 1950 (contains Isaiaha, Habakkuk
40Commentary); II/2, New Haven, 1951 (Manual of Discipline = IQS). There is no II/1. E. L. Sukenik, The Dead Sea Scrolls of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1954-5 (contains Isaiahb, War Rule, Thanksgiving Hymns). D. Barthélemy and J. T. Milik, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, I:Qumran Cave I, Oxford, 1955 (contains all the fragments from IQ). N. Avigad and Y. Yadin, A Genesis Apocryphon, Jerusalem, 1956. M. Morgenstern et al., 'The hitherto unpublished columns of the Genesis Apocryphon', Abr-Nahrain 33 (1955), 30-52. P. W. Flint and E. Ulrich, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXXII:Qumran Cave I, II:The Isaiah Scrolls (forthcoming). Caves 2-3 and 5-10 M. Baillet, J. T. Milik and R. de Vaux, Discoveries in theJudaean Desert ofJordan, III: Les petites grottes de Qumrân, Oxford, 1962 (contains fragments and the Copper Scroll). Cave 4 J. M. Allegro and A. A. Anderson, Discoveries inthe Judaean Desert ofJordan,V:I (4Q158-4Q186), Oxford, 1968 (contains mostly exegetical fragments). For editorial improvements, see J. Strugnell, 'Notes en marge du volume V des Discoveries in the Judaean Desert ofJordan',RQ 7 (1970), 163-276. J. T. Milik, The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4, Oxford, 1976. R. de Vaux and J. T. Milik, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, VI:Qumrân Grotte 4, II:I.Archéologie. II. Tefillin, Mezuzot et Targum (4Q128-4Q157), Oxford, 1977- M. Baillet, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, VII: Qumrân Grotte 4, III (4Q482-4Q520), Oxford, 1982 (contains fragments of the War Rule and remains of liturgical and sapiential compositions).
41Carol Newsom, Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice: ACritical Edition, Atlanta, 1985. Judith E. Sanderson, An Exodus Scroll from Qumran: 4QpaleoExodmand the Samaritan Tradition, Atlanta 1986. Eileen M. Schuller, Non-Canonical Psalms from Qumran: A Pseudepigraphic Collection, Atlanta, 1986. P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich and Judith E. Sanderson, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, IX: Qumran Cave 4, IV, Palaeo-Hebrew and Greek Biblical Manuscripts, Oxford, 1992. R. H. Eisenman and M. Wise, The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered, Shaftesbury/ Rockport, Mass., 1992. E. Qimron and J. Strugnell, Discoveries in the judaean Desert, X:Qumran Cave 4, V, Miqsat Ma'aseHa-Torah, Oxford, 1994. E. Eshel et al., Discoveries in the judaean Desert, XI:Qumran Cave 4, VI: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part I, Oxford, 1998. Eugene Ulrich, F. M. Cross et al., Discoveries in the judaean Desert, XII:Qumran Cave 4, VII, Genesis to Numbers, Oxford, 1994. H. Attridge et al., Discoveries in the judaean Desert, XIII : Qumran Cave 4, VIII, Parabiblical Texts, Part I, Oxford, 1994; in fact 1995. Eugene Ulrich and F. M. Cross, Discoveries in the judaean Desert, XIV. Qumran Cave 4, IX: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings, Oxford, 1996. E. Ulrich et al., Discoveries in the judaean Desert, XV: Qumran Cave 4, X, The Prophets, Oxford, 1997. E. Ulrich et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XVI:Qumran Cave 4,XI:Psalms to Chronicles, Oxford, 2000. F. M. Cross et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XVII:Qumran Cave 4, XII: 1-2 Samuel (forthcoming). J. M. Baumgarten, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XVIII:Qumran Cave 4, XIII, The Damascus Document (4Q266—4Q273),Oxford, 1996. M. Broshi et al., Discoveries in the judaean Desert, XIII:Qumran Cave 4, XIV, Parabiblical Texts, Part II, Oxford, 1995. T. Elgvin et al.,Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XX: Qumran Cave 4, XV, Sapiential Texts, Part I (1997)- S. Talmon et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXI: Qumran
42Cave 4, XVI: Calendrical Texts, Oxford, 2001. G. Brooke et al.,Discoveries in the judaean Desert, XXII: Qumran Cave 4, XVII, Parabiblical Texts, Part III, Oxford, 1996. E. Puech, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXV.- Qumrân Grotte 4, XVIII, Textes hébreux (4Q521-528, 4Q576-579), Oxford,1998. P. Alexander and G. Vermes, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXVI:Qumran Cave 4, XIX: 4QSerekh Ha-Ya,had and Two Related Texts, Oxford, 1998. E. Schuller et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXVIII:Qumran Cave 4, XXVIII:Miscellanea,Part 2, Oxford, 2001. E. Chazon et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXIX:Qumran Cave 4, XX: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 2, Oxford, 1999. D. Dimant, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXX:Qumran Cave 4, XXI: Parabiblical Texts, Part 4: Pseudo-Prophetic Texts, Oxford, 2001. E. Puech, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXXI:Qumran Cave 4, XXII: Textes araméens, première partie: 4Q529—549, Oxford, 2001. D. Pike and A. Skinner, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXXIII:QumranCave 4, XXIII:Unidentified Fragments, Oxford, 2001. J. Strugnell et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXXIV:Qumran Cave 4, XXIV: 4QInstructions: 4Q415ff., Oxford, 1999. J. Baumgarten et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXXV:Qumran Cave 4, XXV:Halakhic Texts, Oxford, 1999. P. Alexander et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXXVI:Qumran Cave 4, XXVI:Miscellanea, Part I, Oxford, 2000. E. Puech, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXXVII:Qumran Cave 4, XXVII: Textes araméens, deuxième partie: 4Q550- 575, 580-582 (forthcoming). G. L. Doudna, 4Q Pesher Nahum: a Critical Edition, Sheffield, 2001. Cave 11 J. A. Sanders, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan,IV:The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11(IIQPsa), Oxford, 1965. J. P. M. van de Ploeg, A. S. van der Woude and B. Jongeling, Le
43Targum deJob de la grotte XI de Qumrân, Leiden, 1971. Y. Yadin, Megillat ha-Miqdash I—III, Jerusalem, 1977 (English edition, The Temple Scroll I—III, Jerusalem, 1983). D. N. Freedman and K. A. Matthews, The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (IIQpaleoLev), Winona Lake, 1985. E. Qimron, The Temple Scroll: A Critical Edition with Extensive Reconstructions (Beer-Sheva/jerusalem, 1996). F. Garcia Martínez et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXIII: Qumran Cave 11,II:11Q2-18,IIQ20-30, Oxford, 1998. Unidentified Cave Y. Yadin, Tefillin from Qumran (XQPhyl 1-4), Jerusalem, 1969. Other Judaean Desert Caves H. Cotton and A. Yardeni, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXVII:Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever and Other Sites, with an Appendix containing alleged Qumran texts (The Seiyal Collection II), Oxford, 1997. J. Charlesworth et al., Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXXVIII: Miscellaneous Texts from the Judaean Desert, Oxford, 2000. Wadi Daliyeh M. Leith, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXIV Wadi Daliyeh I.- Wadi Daliyeh Seal Impressions,Oxford, 1997. D. M. Gropp, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, XXVIII:Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh, Oxford, 2001.
44Damascus Document M. Broshi, The Damascus Document Reconsidered, Jerusalem, 1992.
45General Bibliography I. Qumran Bibliographies B. Jongeling, A Classified Bibliography of the Finds in the Desert of Judah: 1958—1969,Leiden, 1971. J. A. Fitzmyer, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Major Publications and Tools for Study, Missoula, Montana, 1975; 2nd edn, 1977; Atlanta, 1990. F. García Martinez and D. W. Parry, A Bibliography of the Finds in the Desert of Judah 1970—1975, Leiden, 1996. 2. General Studies and Monographs M. Burrows, The Dead Sea Scrolls, New York, 1955. T. H. Gaster, The Dead Sea Scriptures in English Translation, Garden City, New York, 1956; 3rd edn, 1976. G. Vermes, Discovery in the Judean Desert, New York, 1956. M. Burrows, More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls, New York, 1958. F. M. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies, New York, 1958; Grand Rapids, 2nd edn, 1980; 3rd edn, Sheffield, 1996. J. T. Milik, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness ofJudaea,London, 1959. A. Dupont-Sommer, The Essene Writings from Qumran, Oxford, 1961. G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English, London, 1962; 2nd edn, 1975; 3rd edn, 1987; 4th edn, 1995. G. R. Driver, The Judaean Scrolls:The Problem and a Solution, Oxford, 1965. Edmund Wilson, The Dead Sea Scrolls 1947— 1969,London, 1969. R. de Vaux, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Oxford, 1973. G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective, London,
461977; Philadelphia, 1981; 2nd edn, London, 1982; 3rd edn, London, 1994. G. W. E. Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature Between the Bible and the Mishnah, Philadelphia and London, 1981. P. R. Davies, Qumran, Guildford, 1982. B. Z. Wacholder, The Dawn of Qumran: The Sectarian Torah and the Teacher of Righteousness, Cincinnati, 1983. D. Dimant, 'Qumran Sectarian Literature' in M. Stone, ed., JewishWritings of the Second Temple Period, Assen and Philadelphia, 1984. M. A. Knibb, The Qumran Community, Cambridge, 1987. P. R. Davies, Behind the Essenes: History and Ideology in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Atlanta, 1987. P. R. Callaway, The History of the Qumran Community, Sheffield, 1988. S. Talmon, The World of Qumran from Within, Jerusalem/Leiden, 1989. G. J. Brooke, ed., Temple Scroll Studies, Sheffield, 1989. L. H. Schiffman, ed., Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Sheffield, 1990. M. O. Wise, A Critical Study of the Temple Scroll from Qumran Cave II, Chicago, 1990. H. Shanks, ed., Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls, Washington, 1992. F. Garcia Martínez, Qumran and Apocalyptic: Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran, Leiden, 1992. D. Dimant and U. Rappaport, eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls: Forty Years of Research, Leiden, 1992. J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner, eds., The Madrid Qumran Congress 1991, Vols. I-II, Leiden, 1992. J. A. Fitzmyer, Responses to 101 Questions on the Dead Sea Scrolls, London, 1992. E. Ulrich and J. C. VanderKam, eds., The Community of the Renewed Covenant, Notre Dame, 1994. J. C. VanderKam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids/London, 1994.
47B. Nitzan, Qumran Prayer and Religious Poetry, Leiden, 1994. A. Steudel, Der Midrasch zur Eschatologie aus der Qumrangemeinde (4QMidrEschata,b), Leiden, 1994. L. H. Schiffman, Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philadelphia, 1994. F. Garcia Martínez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English, Leiden, 1994. J.-P. Humbert et al., Fouilles de Khirbet Qumrân et de Aïn Feshkha I, Album de photographies - Répertoire du fonds pbotographigue - Synthèse des notes de chantier du Père Roland de Vaux OP, Fribourg/Göttingen, 1994. D. D. Swanson, The Temple Scroll and the Bible: The Methodology of IIQT, Leiden, 1995. G. J. Brooke, ed., New Qumran Texts and Studies, Leiden, 1995. J. Maier, Die Qumran-Essener: Die Texte vom Toten Meer I-II, Munich, 1995. N. Golb, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? - The Search for the Meaning of the Qumran Manuscripts, New York/London, 1995. F. Garcia Martínez and J. Trebolle Barrera, The People of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Leiden, 1995. J. G. Campbell, The Use of Scripture in the Damascus Document 1—8, 19—20, Berlin, 1995. P. R. Davies, Sects and Scrolls: Essays on Qumran and Related Topics, Atlanta, 1996. H. J. Fabry et al., Qumranstudien, Göttingen, 1996. J. G. Campbell, Deciphering the Dead Sea Scrolls, London, 1996; Oxford, 2002. D. W. Parry and S. D. Ricks, eds., Current Research and Technological Developments on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Leiden, 1996. D. J. Harrington, Wisdom Texts from Qumran, London/New York, 1996. M. Wise, M. Abegg and E. Cook, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation, London/San Francisco, 1996. J. Kampen and M. J. Bernstein, eds., Reading 4 QMMT, Atlanta, 1996.
48S. Metso, The Textual Development of the Qumran Community Rule, Leiden, 1997. J. J. Collins, Apocalypticism and the Dead Sea Scrolls, London, 1997. P. W. Flint, The Dead Sea Psalms Scrolls and the Book of Psalms, Leiden, 1997. M. Bernstein et al., eds., Legal Texts and Legal Issues, Leiden, 1997. C. A. Evans and P. Flint, eds., Eschatology, Messianism and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Grand Rapids, 1997. S. E. Porter and C. A. Evans, eds., The Scrolls and the Scriptures: Qumran Fifty Years After, Sheffield, 1997. H. Stegemann, The Qumran Library: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist and Jesus, Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 1998. J. Zimmermann, Messianische Texte aus Qumran, Tübingen, 1998. J. H. Charlesworth et al., eds., Qumran-Messianism, Tübingen, 1998. M. E. Stone and E. Chazon, eds., Biblical Perspectives: Early Use and Interpretation of the Bible in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Leiden, 1998. Ch. Hempel, The Laws of the Damascus Document, Leiden, 1998. J. C. VanderKam, Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls, London/New York, 1998. M. Abegg, P. Flint and E. Ulrich, The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, San Francisco, 1999. E. Ulrich, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origin of the Bible, Grand Rapids, 1999. J. R. Davila, Liturgical Works, Grand Rapids, 2000. L. H. Schiffman, E. Tov and J. C. VanderKam, eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls Fifty Years after their Discovery 1947—1997, Jerusalem, 2000. T. H. Lim et al., eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls in their Historical Context, Edinburgh, 2000. E. J. C. Tigchelaar, To Increase Learning for the Understanding Ones: 4QInstructions, Leiden, 2001. T. H. Lim, H. L. MacQueen and C. M. Carmichael, On Scrolls, Artefacts and Intellectual Property, Sheffield, 2001. T. H. Lim, Pesharim, Sheffield, 2002.
49J. Gascoigne et al., eds., Dead Sea Scrolls Special Issue: Journal of Religious History 26/2, 2002. J. H. Charlesworth, The Pesharim and Qumran History, Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 2002. P. R. Davies, G. J. Brooke and P. R. Callaway, eds., The Complete World of the Dead Sea Scrolls, London, 2002. E. D. Herbert and E. Tov, eds., The Bible as Book: The Hebrew Bible and the JudaeanDesert Discoveries, London, 2002. J. Magness, The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Grand Rapids, 2002. 3. Bilingual Editions, Concordance, Encyclopedia, Qumran Hebrew and Aramaic J. H. Charlesworth et al., eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls: I. Rule of the Community and Related Documents; 2. Damascus Document, War Scroll and Related Documents, Angelic Liturgy, Tübingen/Louisville, 1994—9. F. Garcia Martínez and E. J. C. Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition I-II, Leiden/Grand Rapids, 2000. M. G. Abegg et al., The Dead Sea Scrolls Concordance. I. The Non- Biblical Texts from Qumran, Leiden, 2003. E. Qimron, The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Atlanta, 1986. L. H. Schiffman and J. C. VanderKam, Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, I-II, New York, 2000. K. Beyer, Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer, Göttingen, 1984; Ergänzungsband, 1994. T. Muraoka, ed., Studies in Qumran Aramaic, Abr-Nahrain, Suppl. 3, Leiden, 1992. 4. Introductions E. Schürer, G. Vermes, F. Millar and M. Goodman, The History of the
50Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, III, parts 1—2, Edinburgh, 1986. G. Vermes, An Introduction to the Complete Dead Sea Scrolls, London, 1999/ Minneapolis, 2000. J. VanderKam and P. Flint, The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus and Christianity, San Francisco, 2002. 5. The Scrolls and the New Testament K. Stendahl, ed., The Scrolls and the New Testament, London, 1958. M. Black, The Scrolls and Christian Origins, London, 1961. J. Murphy-O'Connor, ed., Paul and Qumran, London, 1968; New York, 1990. M. Black, ed., The Scrolls and Christianity, London, 1969. J. H. Charlesworth, ed.,Johnand Qumran, London, 1972; New York, 1990. G. Vermes, Jesusand the World of Judaism, London, 1983; Philadelphia, 1984. R. Eisenman, Maccabees, Zadokites, Christians and Qumran, Leiden, 1983. M. Newton, The Concept of Purity at Qumran and in the Letters of Paul, Cambridge, 1985. ° N. S. Fujita, ACrack in the Jar:What Ancient Jewish Documents Tell Us about the New Testament, New York, 1986. R. Eisenman, JamestheJustin the HabbakukPesher, Leiden, 1986. J. H. Charlesworth, ed., Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls, New York/London, 1992. F. H. Cryer and T. L. Thompson, eds., Qumran between the Old and the New Testament, Sheffield, 1998. J. R. Davila, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls as Background to Postbiblical Judaismand Early Christianity, Leiden, 2003. G. Vermes, Jesus in his Jewish Context, London/Minneapolis, 2003.
51General Index Page references in italics indicate illustrations. Abbreviations are as on the list on pages 91-2. Aaron Messiah of sons of. abbreviations, list of Abegg, Martin Abraham and astrology covenant with God death story of Absalom, House of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Admonition Associated with the Flood Aemilius Scaurus (governor of Syria) afterlife 'Age of Wrath' Ages of the Creation Agrippa 1 Aland, Kurt Albright, W. F., in. Alcimus, High Priest Alexander the Great Alexander, P.. Allegro, John Marco on ammanita muscaria and Copper Scroll
52DJD V, ammanita muscaria (a fungus) Amram, Testament of AMS, see Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Anderson, A. A., DJD V, animal bones found at Qumran site Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antipas, Prince apocalyptic writings Apocalyptic Chronology Aramaic Apocalypse Messianic Apocalypse Triumph of Righteousness or Mysteries Apocrypha Apocryphal Psalms biblically based apocryphal works Apocryphal Weeks apostasy Aramaic manuscripts and apocrypha Aramaic Apocalypse Aramaic Bible Translations (Targums) archaeology Archelaus, Herod assemblies assembly of all the camps assembly of the camp assembly of the Congregation see also Council of the Community astrological physiognomies Astronomical Book of Enoch Athanasius, Mar Atonement, Day of Attridge, H.
53Avigad, N.. Babylonia Baillet, Maurice DJD 111, DJD VII, Balaam, prophecy of Balakros see also Balas, Alexander Balas, Alexander Bar Kokhba (Jewish rebel leader) Barki nafshi (Bless, my soul) Barthélemy, Dominique Baruch, Apocalypse of 'bastards' bathing, ritual battle formations Baumgarten, J. M.. DJD XVIII, DJDXXXV Beatitudes Bechtel, Elizabeth Hay. Belial curses of see also Melkiresha' Ben Asher codex Ben-Dov, J. Benedictions see also blessings Benoit, Pierre Berakhot Bernstein, M. Beyer, K.
54Bible biblical canon biblically based apocryphal works commentaries/interpretation (pesharim)-z Aramaic translations (Targums) Catenae or Interpretation of Biblical Texts on the Last Days Consolations or Tanhumim in Damascus Document Florilegium or Midrash of the Last Days Greek documents Heavenly Prince Melchizedek historical information within of law on marriage Ordinances or Commentaries on Biblical Law Testimonia or Messianic Anthology The Reworked Pentateuch Undentifiable Text Commentary New Testamentn textual reliability see also specific books of the Bible Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR) Biblical Archaeology Society birds' nests Bless, My Soul blessings Blessings of Jacob Book of Blessings see also Benedictions Boismard, M.-E. Bonani, G.. Brady, M. brontologion Brooke, George J.. . Broshi, Magen.
55Brownlee, W. H. Burrows, Millar Bursar of the Congregation . Cairo genizah manuscriptsand n., calendars Calendars of Priestly Courses Calendric Signs (Otot) Calendrical Document C MMT sectarian Phases of the Moon Zodiacal Calendar with a brontologion camps, see towns Canaan, Sermon on the Conquest of Cansdale.. capital punishment, see death penalty Catenae or Interpretation of Biblical Texts on the Last Days celibacy. cemetery at Qumran chariots charity Charlesworth, J. H. Chazon, E. children entering the Covenant excavated bones chosen people Christianity and the Community Jewish Christianity Chronicles, Books of chronology 'Church Orders'
56circumcision city of the Covenant Claudius, Emperor codicology, Hebrew Collins, J. common ownership common table exclusion from Community Four Classes of history contribution of Scrolls history of the Essenes list of rebuked members as a plant religious ideas the Covenant election and holy life future expectations worship structure and rules of at Qumran Community, cont'd in towns/camps towns and Qumran compared and linked see also Essenes Community Rule on healing on immortality infringements and penalties manuscripts from Cave 1 from Cave 4 hybrid on meals on Mosaic Law
57no reference to women number of copies on punctuality see also Damascus Document Concordance and Confession Ritual Congregation. assembly of see also Council of the Community Bursar of. dismissal from joining judges of Messianic Rule providing for all needs qualification for slandering speaking to standards of see also Community Congregation, Prince of Blessing of 'horoscope' Congregation, Rule of see Messianic Rule Consolations or Tanhumim contemplative life converts Remonstrances before Conversion Coponius (Roman prefect) Copper Scroll Council of the Community at Qumran Community Rule on Habakkuk Commentary on
58hybrid Community Rule on Messianic Rule on in towns/camps Covenant community of election and holy life future expectations worship entry into Feast of the Renewal of new oath of unfaithful to see also Community Creation, Psalm of the Creation, The Ages of Cross, F. M.and .. Crown, A.. crucifixion Cryptic Texts curses of Belial. and expulsion on insincere conversion of Melkiresha' Damascus Document.. on the Council of the Community on the Guardian historical information in manuscripts Exhortation from Cave 4
59Statutes on the Messiah number of copies penal code on purification on skin disease and 'sons of dawn' and Temple Scroll and towns/camps assemblies code of law Guardian's qualifications head of 'camp' initiation of members priests on 'Wicked Priest' 'Damascus, land of' Daniel, Book ofand Para-Danielic writings Darius I, King of Persia dating of the Scrolls David, King descendants Moses (or David) Apocryphon poetry of de Vaux, Father Roland dating the Scrollsand . and publication of the Scrolls. Dead Sea Scrolls catalogue dating discovery of greatest novelty lack of historical texts
60'liberation' in 1991 and the New Testament number and content provenance and Qumran and towns/camps research and publication 1947—1967 1967—1990 1990—2003 significance Dead Sea Scrolls Bible death, life after death penalty Demetrius III, King Deuteronomy, Book of dietary restrictions, see food Dimant. Discoveries in the Judean Desert (DJD) Divine Office, Order of Divisions oftheTimes, Book of the see also Jubilees Donceel-Voûte, Pauline. Driver, Godfrey and dues, priestly Duhaime,J. Dupont-Sommer, Andréand Ecclesiastes, Book of Ecclesiasticus, Book of see also Jesus Ben Sira Egypt Eisenman, Robertand and . Eleazar, son of Nahmani. election Elgvin, T.
61Elibah, an elder Elisha Apocryphon Enoch and Book of Giants Book of Prayer of Enosh and Enoch 'Ephraim' Eshel, Esther Eshel, Esther & Hanan Eshel, Hanan. Essenes disappearance and early Christian Church Feast of Pentecost hidden treasure history chronological framework concealed references in the Scrolls decipherment of particular allusions membership and Qumran. religious ideas The Covenant election and holy life future expectations worship writings and library see also Community Esther, Book of Proto-Esther. Eusebius exhortations Damascus Document Exhortation to Seek Wisdom Master's Exhortation to the Sons of Dawn
62MMT C Exodus, Book of Historico-theological Narrative based on Genesis and Exodus Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus Exodus, Sermon on the exorcism, poems of expulsion from the sect Ezekiel. Book of Pseudo-Ezekiel Ezra Falk, Daniel False Prophets, List of feasts and festivals agricultural liturgical calendar and Pentecost (Feast of Weeks) prayers for Renewal of the Covenant 'fifteen men' Fight against Evil Spirits firstfruits Firstfruits, Day of Fitzmyer, J. A... Flint, P. Flood Admonition Associated with the Flood see also Noah Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days Flusser. food blessing
63dietary restrictions fruits priests excluded from eating pure see also common table Foundations of the Community Four Classes of the Community Four Kingdoms Freedman. N.. Galilee Gamaliel II, Patriarch García Martínez, F.. DJD XXIII, DJDXXXVI garments, pure3 Genesis Apocryphon commentaries Commentary C Commentary D Historico-theological Narrative based on Genesis and Exodus and Jubilees Paraphrase of Gentiles attacking interaction with slaves converted to Judaism and the Wicked Priest Giants, Book of Ginzberg. gleanings see also tithes Glessmer, U.
64Gog Golb, Normanand Goliath, David and Goodman, Martin... Goranson, J. Greece culture and Jewish history as enemy Greeks referred to as Kittim Greek manuscripts and Tobit Greenfield, J. C. Groningen hypothesis Guardian (mebaqqer) psalm recital at Qumran in towns/camps in towns/camps and at Qumran compared see also Master Habakkuk Commentary interpretation of 'Lebanon' portrait of Kittim on Teacher of Righteousness and Wicked Priest Halakhah A Halakhah B Hananiah Notos Hananiah, son of Sim[on] Harding, G. Lankester Harrington, D. J. harvesting Hasidim Hasmonaeans
65Heavenly Lights, Words of the Hebrew texts alphabet acrostics Aramaic translations Heinemann, J. hekhaloth (heavenly palaces) Henning, W. Herod Archelaus Herod the Great Hidden Scrolls from the Judaean Desert (Sukenik) Hirschfeld, Yizhar. Historical Texts A C-E F history, see Community; Jewish history Holiness, council of Holocaust of the Sabbath, Songs for Horbury, W. 'horoscopes' Hosea, Commentaries on Huntington Library, California and Hunzinger, Claus-Hunno hymns Hymn Celebrating the Morning and the Evening hymn ending Community Rule Hymn of Glorification A and B Hymnic Fragment on resurrection for the Sabbath Day Songs for the Holocaust of the Sabbath Teacher of Righteousness and Thanksgiving war
66see also poetry; psalms Hyrcanus see John Hycanus I; John Hyrcanus II ideology, Scrolls and New Testament idolatry immortality initiation into the sect . injuries, compensation for Isaac sacrifice of Isaiah, Book of Commentaries on Israel blessing of 'company of Israel' in days of Moses desert and town brethren and judges from tribe of rank of the Israelites Scrolls and New Testament and slander against Israel Anquities Authority (IAA) Israel Department of Antiquities Jacob Blessings of Testament of James (brother of Jesus) Jannaeus, Alexander Jason, High Priest Jeremiah Apocryphon of Letter of Jerusalem
67Community living in Essene library inand hidden treasure history Hellenization of Antiochus and Wicked Priest and 'last priests of' Romans and destruction of New Jerusalem texts Poetic Fragments on prophecies regarding Jesus ben Sira Jesus of Nazareth birth Scrolls and study of as Teacher of Righteousness or Wicked Priest Jewish history Apocalyptic Chronology or Apocryphal Weeks contribution of Scrolls Historical Texts history of the Essenes inter-testamental recording of Job Targum of John the Baptist John the Essene John Hyrcanus I John Hyrcanus II Jonathan, King/High Priest identity ofand see also Jannaeus, Alexander; Maccabaeus, John
68Jonathan, son of Absalom Jongeling, B.. Joseph Apocryphon now Narrative and Poetic Composition Testament of Josephus, Flavius on Community history on the Essenes.andn. on Essene beliefs and practices Joshua Apocryhon (i) or Psalms of Joshua Apocryphon (ii) Prophecy of Joshua ben Hananiah, Rabbi Josiah, King Jubilees. Judaea Judah, House of blessing of hymn to Judah, Testament of Judaism Community and Gentile slaves converted to Jewish Christianity priests' status rabbinic see also Jewish history Judas Aristobulus II Judas (Essene prophet) judges Judges, Book of Jull, A. J. T.. Khirbet Qumran.
69cemetery date of occupation and excavation of expulsion of Essenes from population see also Qumran caves King-Messiah Kings, Books of Elisha Apocryphon Paraphrase on Kister, Menahem Kittim Kittim, cont'd in Habakkuk Commentary war with see also Romans Knibb, M. A. Laenas, Poppilius Lamech (father of Noah) Lamentations, Book of language of the Scrolls and New Testament Larson, E. Lash, Major-General Last Days, Interpretation of Biblical Texts on the or Catenae Last Days, Midrash on or Florilegium Last Supper Latin manuscripts Law Books of Council of the Community and Essenes and infringements and penalties interpretation novices and
70obedience to Ordinances or Commentaries on Biblical Law Prophets and see also Moses, Law of; Rules Lazar, Rabbi Leader's Lament, A Lebanonand n. Lehman, M. R. Leontopolis Jewish temple leprosy Levi (destroyer of Shechem) Levi, Patriarch. Testament of Testaments of the Patriarchs Levites blessing of rank replacement for priest rules for tithes Torah interpretation on tribunals war duties Leviticus Targum of 'Liar' see also Wicked Priest Light, Prince of see also Michael, archangel Lim, Timothy H.. 'lion, furious young' Lippens, Captain Philippe liturgy Benedictions Blessings Confession Ritual
71liturgical calendar Liturgical Prayer Liturgical Work Order of Divine Office Purification Rituals see also calendars; prayers Luke, Gospel of Maccabaean theory Maccabaean-Hasmonaean era Maccabaeus, Jonathan King John? Wicked Prince? Maccabaeus, Judas Maccabaeus, Simon Maccabees, Books of Magness, Jodi. Malachi, Commentary on 'Manasseh' Manasseh, King of Judah, 'Prayer of Manual of Discipline see Community Rule Mark, Gospel of marriage. kinship and proof of virginity see also sexual morality martyrdom Masada capture by Romans manuscripts from mashqin (liquids) maskil see Master Masoretic text
72Master (maskil) Exhortation to Sons of Dawn precepts for rules for see also Guardian Mattathias (priest) Matthew, Gospel of Matthews, K. A.. Mayer, B. meals see common table; food mebaqqer, see Guardian Meditation, Book of Melchizedek, archangel The Heavenly Prince see also Michael, archangel Melkiresha' curses of see also Belial Men Who Err Menahem (Essene prophet) Menelaus, High Priest menstruation Merkahah (throne-chariot) Messiah(s) blessing of coming of. 'horoscope' and the Prophet Messianic Anthology or Testimonia Messianic Apocalypse Messianic Rule description of meal towns/camps structure and rules Messianism
73Methuselah Metso, S. Micah, Commentary on Michael, archangel Words of see also Melchizedek, archangel 'Michael and the Just, The Song of' Midrash on the Book of Moses Midrash on the Last Days or Florilegium Milik, Józef Tadeuszand . and the Copper Scroll DJD I, DJD III, DJD VI, DJD XIII JJS The Books of Enoch Millar, F.. Miqsat Ma'aseha-Torah,see MMT Miriam, Song of Mishnah MMT (Miqsat Ma'ase ha-Torah) on dealings with Gentiles dietary laws and Essenes and Sadducees. MMT A, Sectarian Calendar MMT B, Special Rules MMT C, The Exhortation on purity matters Moffett, William A.and n. Moon, Phases of Morgenstern, M. Moses Apocryphon a
74Apocryphon b Apocryphon c (or David) Apocryphon Assumption of farewell discourse Law of kinship and marriage oath to keep ritual acts precribed by transgression of transmission to rabbis Midrash on the Book of Moses preparation to hear God revelation by angels Words of Muhammad edh-Dhib Murabba'at caves, manuscripts from Mysteries Nabonidus, Prayer of Nahum Commentary historical information in Temple Scroll and Naphtali, Testament of Nash papyrus Naveh, J. Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon Nehemiah, Book of New Testament. Dead Sea Scrolls and Greek fragments and Habakkuk Commentary and see also Bible
75New Wheat, Feast of Newsom, Carol Nitzan, Bilhah Noah birth554 covenant with God curses son story of The Book of novices. Numbers, Book of oaths, see vows and oaths 'Obadiah, Psalm of O'Callaghan, José Og, King of Bashan Olyan, S. Onias III, High Priest Onias IV, High Priest. Ostraca Otot (Signs) Document palaeography Palestine papyrus Parable of Warning Passover Patriarchs, Testaments of Paul, Saint Peitholaos
76penal code Community Rule Damascus Document penance Pentateuch Aprocryphal Pentateuch B extracts from 4QHalakhah A Reworked Pentateuch pentecontad calendar Pentecost (Feast of Weeks) pesharim, see Bible, commentaries/interpretation Pfann, S. Pharisees Philo of Alexandriaand n. Plea for Deliverance Pliny the Elder Ploeg, J. P. M. van der. poetry Lamentations Messianic Apocalypse Poetic Fragments on Jerusalem and 'King'Jonathan Renewed Earth see also hymns; psalms; Wisdom literature Pompey (Roman general) Pontius Pilate Poppilius Laenas postulants Potlaos prayers. appointed times at time of war Daily Prayers Liturgical Prayer Prayer Celebrating the Morning and the Evening
77Prayer of Enosh and Enoch Prayer of Nabonidus Prayers for Festivals Words of the Heavenly Lights see also hymns pride Priest-Messiah priests. at Qumran Blessings of Calendars of Priestly Courses disqualification High Priesthood history 'last priests' of Jerusalem rules for tithes Torah interpretation in towns/camps war duties wife Zadokite. see also Teacher of Righteousness; Wicked Priest property common ownership lying in matters of novices and prophecy of Balaam Community and of Isaiah of Joshua Prophets Books of List of False Prophets
78the Prophet proselytes provenance of the Scrolls Proverbs, Book of Psalms apocryphal Apocryphal Psalms (I) Apocryphal Psalms (II) Apocryphal Psalms (III) Psalms, cont'd Commentary on Psalms Non-canonical Psalms Poetic Fragments on Jerusalem and 'King' Jonathan Psalm cli, 'supernumerary' Psalm cxlvi Psalms of Joshua or Joshua Apocryphon (i) Psalms Scroll Songs of the Sage see also hymns Pseudepigrapha Ptolemies (Greeks of Egypt) Ptolemy Philometor, King Ptollas Puech, Emile.. DJD XXII DJD XXV, DJD XXXI DJD XXXVII punishments death penalty expulsion imprisonment for injury penance
79purity and purification and the common table exclusion from Harvesting MMT on novices and Purification Ritual A Purification Ritual B ritual bathing Temple Scroll on Tohorot Ba-Bb Tohorot (Purities) A Qahat, Testament of Qimron, E... Qumran caves abandonment of Scrolls archaeological finds date of occupationand discovery of Scrolls location see also Khirbet Qumran Qumran Community, see Community Qumran writings, see Dead Sea Scrolls Rabin, Chaim radiocarbon-dating tests rank loss of Rebukes, Register of 'red heifer, law of Reich, Ron.
80Remonstrances (before Conversion?) Renewal of the Covenant, Feast of Renewed Earth, The resurrection Resurrection fragment Righteousness, Time of Righteousness, Triumph of Righteousness, Ways of rituals bathing Confession Ritual Purification Ritual A Purification Ritual B Renewal of the Covenant sacred meal Temple worship Roberts, C. H. Robinson, James M., xo and Rockefeller Museum Rofe, A. Romans Jewish rebellion against referred to as Kittim torture of Essenes see also Kittim Roth, Cecilnd n Royal Messiah Rules The Book of War Community Rule Damascus Document Entry into the Covenant Four Classes of the Community Halakhah
81Harvesting Master's Exhortation to the Sons of Dawn Men Who Err Messianic Rule MMT Register of Rebukes Remonstrances (before Conversion?) Temple Scroll Tohorot War Scroll The Wicked and the Holy see also individual rules Ruth, Book of Sabbath Hymns for the Sabbath Day laws MMT calendar Songs for the Holocaust of the Sabbath sacred mushroom and sacrifices Essenes and MMT on Temple Scroll on Sadducees and MMT. Sage, Songs of the Sahin, Khalil Iskandar (Kando). Salome-Alexandra (Shelamzion), Queen Samaria Samuel Apocryphon Sanders, J. A. and Sanderson, Judith E., ion.
82sapiential works, see Wisdom literature Satan, see Belial; Melkiresha' sceptre Schechter, S.. Schiffinan, Lawrence H. Schlosser, Robert. Schuller, Eileen Schürer, E.. Schwartz, D. R. 'Scoffer' see also Wicked Priest scribes scriptorium at Qumran, zon. Scrolls Symposium 1993, zon. Second Temple era sectarian scrolls Seductress, The Seely, D. Seleucids (Syrian Greeks) Sellers, O. R.. Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) Serekh ha-Milhamah, see war, Rule of sexual abstinence see also celibacy sexual morality see also marriage Shanks, Hershel Shelamzion (Queen Salome-Alexandra) Sheol signa, worship of 'Signs' (Otot) Document Simeon (destroyer of Shechem) Simon (Essene prophet) Sinan, D.
83sins confession of inadvertent punishment Skehan, Patrick, ion. skin disease Skotheim, Robert A., gn. slander Smith, M. Sokoloff, M. soldiers Solomon, King Some Observances of the Law, see MMT 'son of God' 'son of man' Songs of the Holocaust of the Sabbath Songs of the Sage sons, rebellious 'sons of dawn' 'sons of light' 'sons of the Pit' 'Spouter of Lies' see also Wicked Priest standards of the Congregation Roman worship of their Stanton, G. star-god Starcky, Jean stave Stegemann, H. Steudel, Annette Stone, M. E. Strange, James F.
84Strugnell, John. DJD X, D7D XIII, DJD XIX, DJD XXXIV, RQ Stuckenbruck, L. Sukenik, E. L. Syncellus, George Syriac manuscripts Syriac psalms tabernacle Tabernacles, Feast of taharah, see tohorot Talmon, Shemaryahu. Talmud Tanhumim or Consolations Tanzer, S. Targums Targum of Job Targum of Leviticus taxes Teacher of Righteousness in Commentary on Micah dating and hymns identity of Jonathan and and MMT and prophecy sent from God. Wicked Priest and
85Teicher, Joseph Temple buildings hidden treasure of Jerusalem unlawful in Leontopolis worship during war with Kittim Temple Scroll on the calendar on kinship and marriage legislation in on purity matters Ten Commandments see also Moses, Law of Testimonia or Messianic Anthology Testimonium Flavianum Tetragram Thanksgiving Hymns Therapeutai (Egyptian ascetics) . Thiede, C. P. Thiering, Barbara throne-chariot thunder Tigchelaar, E. J. C. Time of Righteousness tithes (dues) Tobit, Book of tohorah, see tohorot tohorot (purity)3 Tohorot Ba (now Entry into the Covenant) TohorotBa-Bb Tohorot Da (now Four Classes of the Community) Tohorot (Purities) A see also purity and purification Torah
86interpretation study of swearing to adhere to Tov, Emanueland towns (camps) compared and linked with Qumran structure and rules transgressions, see sins translation notes treason treasure, hidden Trebolle, J. trees, giant 'good' Trever, J.and n. tribes tribunals Trimph of Righteousness trumpets Tryphon (Syrian general) Two Spirits doctrine Two Ways, The Ullendorf, Edward Ulrich, Eugene. units of the Community VanderKam, J. C. vengeance Vermes, Geza. 1977 lectureand n. articles.... DJDXXVI
87DJDXXXVI publications ...and .., Vespasian (Roman general) virginity, proof of vows and oaths Wacholder, Ben Zion war prophecies regarding Temple Scroll laws regarding War, Rule of (Book of War) War Scroll Cave 1 manuscripts Cave 4 manuscripts poem in on Temple worship Warning, A Parable of Ways of Righteousness Weeks, Feast of (Pentecost) Weinfeld, M. well White, S. Wicked and the Holy Wicked Priest(s) Groningen hypothesis and harassment of Teacher of Righteousness identity wine Wisdom, Book of Wisdom literature Beatitudes Bless, My Soul Exhortation to Seek Wisdom
88Fight against Evil Spirits Leader's Lament Parable of Warning Sapiential Didactic Work A Sapiential Work (i) Sapiential Work (ii) Sapiential Work (iii): Ways of Righteousness Sapiential Work, Instruction-like Composition Songs of the Sage The Seductress The Two Ways Wise, Michael. witnesses Wolters, A. women. childbirth excavated bones of and food menstruation oath of see also marriage; sexual morality Woude, A. S. van der.. Wright Baker, Professor H. Wright, G. E., In. Xerxes, King of Persia Yadin, Yigael.and Yannai, Alexander see Jannaeus, Alexander Yardeni, Ada Yavan see also Greece
89Yohanan Zadok, sons ofand Teacher of Righteousness and and Zealot theory Zealots hidden treasure Zechariah. Zedekiah Apocryphon Zephaniah, Commentary on Zion Psalm Zodiacal Calendar with a brontologion
90THE STORY OF PENGUIN CLASSICS Before 1946 ...'Classics' are mainly the domain of academics and students, without readable editions for everyone else. This all changes when a little-known classicist, E. V. Rieu, presents Penguin founder Allen Lane with the translation of Homer's Odyssey that he has been working on and reading to his wife Nelly in his spare time.
911946 The Odyssey becomes the first Penguin Classic published, and promptly sells three million copies. Suddenly, classic books are no longer for the privileged few.
921950s Rieu, now series editor, turns to professional writers for the best modern, readable translations, including Dorothy L. Sayers's Inferno and Robert Graves's The Twelve Caesars, which revives the salacious original.
931960s The Classics are given the distinctive black jackets that have remained a constant throughout the series's various looks. Rieu retires in 1964, hailing the Penguin Classics list as 'the greatest educative force of the 20th century'.
941970s A new generation of translators arrives to swell the Penguin Classics ranks, and the list grows to encompass more philosophy, religion, science, history and politics.
951980s The Penguin American Library joins the Classics stable, with titles such as The Last of the Mohicans safeguarded. Penguin Classics now offers the most comprehensive library of world literature available.
961990s The launch of Penguin Audiobooks brings the classics to a listening audience for the first time, and in 1999 the launch of the Penguin Classics website takes them online to a larger global readership than ever before.
97The 21st Century Penguin Classics are rejacketed for the first time in nearly twenty years. This world famous series now consists of more than 1300 titles, making the widest range of the best books ever written available to millions - and constantly redefining the meaning of what makes a 'classic'.
98The Odyssey continues ...
991 For the story of my personal involvement with the Dead Sea Scrolls, see Providential Accidents: An Autobiography, SCM Press, London, and Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md., 1988. 2 E. L. Sukenik, Megillot genuzot, 1, Jerusalem, 1948; W. F. Albright, Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research 110 (April 1948), 1-3; G. E. Wright, 'A Sensational Discovery', Biblical Arcbaeologist (May 1948), 21-3. 3 Cf. the interview with the discoverer reported by John C. Trever, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Personal Account, Grand Rapids, 1979, 191-4. 4 Cf. Observations sur le Manuel de discipline découvert près de la Mer Morte, Paris, 1951 His major synthesis in English is The Essene Writings from Qumran, Oxford, 1961. For the latest survey, see G. Vermes and Martin Goodman, The Essenes According to the Classical Sources, Sheffield, 1989. 5 Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Oxford, 1973. 6 Les Manuscrits du désert de Juda,Tournai and Paris, 1953; Discovery in the Judean Desert, New York, 1956. 7 J. T. Milik, Dix ans de découvertes dans le désert de Juda, Paris, 1957 (English translation: Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea, London, 1959); F. M. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies, New York, 1958; R. de Vaux, op. cit. (in note 5 above). 8 The Dead Sea Scrolls of St Mark's Monastery, I, New Haven, 1950; II/2, New Haven, 1951. 9 The Dead Sea Scrolls of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1954-5. 10 N. Avigad and Y. Yadin, A Genesis Apocryphon, Jerusalem, 1956.
100See now J. C. Greenfield and E. Qimron, 'The Genesis Apocryphon Col. XII', in Studies in Qumran Aramaic, edited by T. Muraoka (Abr- Nahrain Suppl. I), Louvain, 1992, 70-77. 11 Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, I: Qumran Cave I, Oxford, 1955. 12 M. Baillet, J. T. Milik and R. de Vaux, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan,III: Les petites grottes de Qumrân, Oxford, 1962. 13 J. A. Sanders, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan,IV: The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave II (IIQPsa), Oxford, 1965. 14 J. M. Allegro and A. A. Anderson, Discoveries in the JudaeanDesert ofJordan,V: I (4Q158-186), Oxford, 1968. A re-edition of this volume by George J. Brooke is planned. 15 Khalil Iskandar Sahin, familiarly known as Kando, a cobbler cum antique dealer, had been the principal middle man between the Bedouin discoverers of thousands of fragments and Roland de Vaux in the 1950s. 16 Megillat ha-Miqdash I-III, Jerusalem, 1977 (English translation: The Temple Scroll I-III, Jerusalem, 1983). See also E. Qimron, The Temple Scroll: A Critical Edition with Extensive Reconstructions, Beer-Sheva/Jerusalem, 1996. 17 Members of the original editorial team spent a great deal of time working in Jerusalem in the 1950s, but were subsequently disbanded, most of them occupying full-time teaching posts in Britain, France and the United States. 18 J. P. M. van der Ploeg, A. S. van der Woude and B. Jongeling, Le Targum deJobde la grotte XI de Qumrân, Leiden, 1971; D. N. Freedman and K. A. Matthews, The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (II QpaleoLev), Winona Lake, 1985. 19
101In the 1970s, only J. T. Milik remained productive - The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4, Oxford, 1976; Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, VI: (4Q128-57), Oxford, 1977 - before he, too, entered a state of hibernation. By 1991, he was persuaded to relinquish all his unpublished documents, which were re- assigned to new editors. 20 The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective, London, 1977, 24 (originally the 1977 Margaret Harris Lectures delivered at the University of Dundee). 21 A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls: The Hebrew and Aramaic Texts from Cave 4, Biblical Archaeology Society, Washington, 1991. Two further volumes appeared in 1992 and 1995- 22 A Preliminary Concordance to tbe Hebrew and Aramaic Fragments from Qumran CavesII to X (distributed by H. Stegemann, Göttingen, 1988). 23 The following brief account of the Huntington Library's involvement with the Dead Sea Scrolls is based on documentary evidence kindly provided by its President, Robert A. Skotheim. In 1982, Elizabeth Hay Bechtel, a renowned Californian philanthropist and Scroll Maecenas, deposited at the Huntington a set of negatives of Qumran manuscripts. These had been taken in 1980 by Robert Schlosser, the chief photographer of the library, for whom Mrs Bechtel obtained permission from the Jerusalem Department of Antiquities to photograph all the Dead Sea Scrolls. Two series of pictures were produced, one for the Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center founded by Mrs Bechtel in Claremont, California, and another for herself. The latter ended up in a 'climatized' vault specially constructed at the Huntington with the help of a Bechtel grant of $50,000. In 1986, a year before her death, Mrs Bechtel donated her Scroll photographs to the Huntington. Paragraph 9 of the agreement made in April 1982 specifies that materials on which no restrictive policy is applied by Mrs Bechtel 'will be made
102available to use by scholars in accordance with the Huntington's general policies for its own materials'. No such restriction was ever conveyed by her to the trustees of the library. Bill Moffett became director of the Library in 1990. It was on the basis of clause 9 of the agreement that he proposed to the trustees the opening of the Huntington's Qumran photographs to all qualified users of the library. Bill Moffett, the 'liberator of the Scrolls', died on 20 February 1995 at the age of sixty-two. 24 Robert H. Eisenman and James M. Robinson, A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, I-II, Washington, 1991. The quality of many of these pictures leaves much to be desired, but others are serviceable. 25 Patrick W. Skehan, Eugene Ulrich and Judith E. Sanderson, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, IX: Qumran Cave 4, IV, Palaeo- Hebrew and Greek Biblical Manuscripts, Oxford, 1992. 26 Cf. Emanuel Tov, 'The Unpublished Qumran Texts from Caves 4 and II', JJS 43 (1992), 101-36. 27 The claim that several minute Greek scraps from Cave 7 represent the New Testament is unsubstantiated. Cf. below, pp. 472-3. 28 It is suggested that the Aramaic fragments of 4Q550 derive from a proto-Esther. 29 4Q242-6 testify to the existence of a non-canonical Daniel cycle. 30 The exception is the Damascus Document, well attested in Caves 4, 5 and 6, but previously known from two incomplete medieval manuscripts found in the Cairo Genizah, and first published by S. Schechter as Documents of Jewish Sectaries, I: Fragments of a Zadokite Work, Cambridge, 1910; repr. with a Prolegomenon by J. A. Fitzmyer (Ktav, 1970). For a better edition see Magen Broshi, The Damascus Document Reconsidered, Jerusalem, 1992. 31
103'The Development of the Jewish Scripts', in The Bible and the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of W. F. Albright, Garden City, NY, 1961, 133-202. 32 . Cf. O. R. Sellers, 'Radiocarbon Dating of Cloth from the 'Ain Feshkha Cave', BASOR 123 (1951), 22-4. 33 G. Bonani et al., 'Radiocarbon Dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls', 'Atiqot 20 (1991), 25-32. 34 A. J. T. Jull et al., 'Radiocarbon Dating of Scrolls and Linen Fragments from the Judean Desert', Radiocarbon 37 (1995), 11-19. The quotation appears on p. 17. 35 . Cf. most recently in The Essenes According to the Classical Sources, Sheffield, 1089, 12-23. The co-author of this volume, Martin Goodman, has recently questioned the use of the evidence by Josephus to prove the Essene identity of the sect, arguing that Josephus never presents a full picture of the Jewish scene of his time and that consequently he may have referred to a group merely similar to the Essenes. Cf. 'A Note on the Qumran Sectarians, the Essenes and Josephus', JJS 46 (1995), 161-6. Despite my admiration for his learning, I exceptionally beg to differ. 36 For a fuller argument, see below, pp. 46-8. 37 G. Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective, London, 1994, 117. 38 For a major restatement of the whole subject, see Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Minneapolis-Assen/Maastricht, 1992. 39 Cf. 'Biblical Proof-texts in Qumran Literature', JSS 34 (1989), 493- 508. It should be noted, however, that the Damascus Document quotes also the Book of Jubilees and a work attributed to the Patriarch Levi. It
104is unclear what their status was. 40 Cf. J. T. Milik, The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4, Oxford, 1976. 41 Cf. E. Schürer, G. Vermes, F. Millar and M. Goodman, The History of the Jewish People in the Age ofJesusChrist, III, Edinburgh, 1986, 250- 68. 42 Cf. 'Historical Texts C-E, 40331-333', ed. J. A. Fitzmyer, DJD, XXXVI, 281-9. 43 Cf. 'Qumran Forum Miscellanea II: The so-called King Jonathan Fragment (40448)', JJS 44 (1993), 294-300. 44 . For a more detailed exposition, see Chapter III below. 45 Cf. War 11, 567; III, 11, 19. 46 Cf. War 11, 152-3. 47 Cf. F. García Martinez, 'Qumran Origins and Early History: A Groningen Hypothesis', Folia Orientalia 25 (1988), 113-36; F. García Martinez and A. S. van der Woude, 'A Groningen Hypothesis of Qumran Origins and Early History', RQ 14 (1989-90), 521-42. 48 G. R. Driver, The Judaean Scrolls: The Problem and a Solution, Oxford, 1965; C. Roth, The Historical Background of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Oxford, 1958. 49 'The Problem of Origin and Identification of the Dead Sea Scrolls', Proceedings ofthe American Philosophical Society 124/1 (1980), 1- 24; 'Who Hid the Dead Sea Scrolls?', BA 48 (1982), 68-82 ; 'Khirbet Qumran and the Manuscripts of the Judaean Wilderness: Observations on the Logic of their Investigation', JNES 49 (1990), 103-14. For a criticism of the Golb thesis, see Timothy H. Lim, 'The
105Qumran Scrolls: Two Hypotheses', Studies in Religion 21/4 (1992), 455-66. 50 Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? - The Search for the Meaning of the Qumran Manuscripts, Scribner, New York/London, 1995. This volume repeats a completely misconceived attack on the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies and on myself as director of the Centre's Forum for Qumran Research, although the facts misinterpreted by Professor Golb (first in The Qumran Chronicle 2/1, 1992, 3-25) have been set out correctly by G. Vermes and P. Alexander, 'Norman Golb and Modern History' (ibid., 2/2, 1993, 153-6, with a correction in the same periodical 4/1-2, 1994, 74). 51 At the Scrolls Symposium held at the Library of Congress in Washington on 21-2 April 1993, Magen Broshi, Director of the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, delivered a powerful rebuttal of the Golb conjecture as well as the speculative theory advanced at another conference, held in New York in December 1992, by Pauline Donceel-Voûte, in whose view Qumran was a winter villa built for wealthy inhabitants of Jerusalem and the room which de Vaux identified as a scriptorium a dining hall (see 'Coenaculum', Res Orientales IV (1992), 61-84). Against the latter theory, see R. Reich, 'A Note on the Function of Room 30 (the "Scriptorium") at Khirbet Qumran', JJS 46 (1995), 157-60, For P. Donceel-Voûte the Qumran complex constitutes a country estate, a villa rustica ('Les ruines de Qumrân réinterprétées', Archaeologia 298 (1994), 24-35), and the same theory is propounded by Yizhar Hirschfeld ('Early Roman Manor Houses in Judea and the Site of Khirbet Qumran', Journal of Near Eastern Studies 57 (1998), 161-89). According to A. Crown and L. Cansdale, Qumran was a luxurious hostelry for merchants ('Qumran: Was it an Essene Settlement?', BAR 20, No. 5 (1994), 24-35, 73-8). The mainstream opinion that the ruins are the remains of an Essene religious settlement is forcefully maintained by M. Broshi in 'The Archaeology of Qumran: A Reconsideration' and 'Was Qumran, indeed, a Monastery?', in Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls, Sheffield Academic Press (2002), 198-210, 259-73. For the latest and very
106competent archaeological account see Jodi Magness, The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Grand Rapids, 2002. In January 1996, two Israeli archaeologists investigated man-made caves close to the settlement which, in their opinion, were used as sleeping quarters by members of the sect. See M. Broshi and H. Eshel, 'How and Where Did the Qumranites Live?', Dead Sea Discoveries 6 (1999), 328-48. 52 Cf. e.g. John Strugnell, 'Moses Pseudepigrapha at Qumran', in Archaeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. Lawrence H. Schiffman (Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, Supplement, Series 8, Sheffield, 1990, 221). 53 'Hebrew Biblical Manuscripts from the Judaean Desert: Their Contribution to Textual Criticism', JJS 39 (1988), 10-19. 54 It may also be wondered why the librarians of Jerusalem should have chosen such a distant place to hide their manuscripts when equally inaccessible caves could have been found closer to home? 55 See his numerous articles in JJS between 1951 and 1955. 56 The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross, London, 1970. 57 . Jesusthe Man: A New Interpretation from the Dead Sea Scrolls, Doubleday, London and New York, 1992; Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Harper, San Francisco and NewYork, 1992. 58 Robert Eisenman and Michael Wise, The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered, London and New York, 1992. 59 See my review of The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered in the TLS of 4 December 1992 and 'The War over the Dead Sea Scrolls', The New York Review of Books, 11 August, 1994, 10-13. 60
107Cf. below, pp. 472-3. 61 Cf. below, p. 614. 62 Cf. G. Vermes, Jesus the Jew, London, 1973, 67-9; The Religion ofJesusthe Jew, London, 1003,102-3. 63 See also G. Vermes, 'Qumran Forum Miscellanea I', JJS 43 (1992), 303-4, and Emile Puech, 'Une apocalypse messianique', RQ 15 (1991-2), 475-522. 64 Cf. Targum Neofiti, Fragmentary Targum and Pseudo-Jonathan on Gen. iii, 15. 65 S. Talmon in F. M. Cross and S. Talmon, Qumran and the Origin of the Biblical Text, Cambridge, Mass., 1975, 380. 66 The Dead Sea Scrolls Forty Years On, Oxford, 1987, 15-16. 67 On this, see G. Vermes, The Religion of Jesus theJew,London and Minneapolis, 1993. 68 The absence of any mention of the 'sons of Zadok, the Priests' in MMT deals a serious blow to the hypothesis that a proto-Sadducaean priestly group lurks behind this document. The basis of this theory is that three legal doctrines (out of a list of more than twenty) voiced in MMT are attributed to the Sadducees in rabbinic literature. But the soundest position is to consider these teachings as priestly halakhot, held by the forerunners of the Qumran Community and the later Sadducees. 69 The Therapeutai or Egyptian ascetics of Philo adopted celibacy, but formed separate male and female communities (mature men having left behind family and property, and women being mostly aged virgins; cf. Philo, Contemplative Life, 13, 68) whose members met for worship. A badly damaged manuscript from Cave 4 (4Q502),
108repeatedly mentioning old men and women, is interpreted by J. M. Baumgarten as probably alluding to a similar institution ('4Q502, Marriage or Golden Age Ritual?', JJS 34 (1983), 125-35). 4Q502 consists of 344 papyrus fragments. Its editor, M. Baillet (DJD, VII, 81- 105), gave it the title 'Marriage Ritual', which is almost certainly a misnomer (see Baumgarten above). Not a single coherent section of this liturgical composition has survived; hence no meaningful translation can be supplied. However, it is worth noting that fr. 2 contains the phrase 'daughter of truth' and an allusion to the examination of women concerning their 'intelligence and understanding'. Josephus states in connection with the marrying Essenes that they trained their women - like their men - for three years (War II, 161; cf. G. Vermes, Discovery in the Judean Desert, New York, 1956, 57, note 176; J. M. Baumgarten, DJD, XVIII, 143). 70 This interpretation of the data yielded by the excavation is that of R. de Vaux (see Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, I973). In her recent brilliant survey, Jodi Magness questions de Vaux's theory regarding the first phase of the limited sectarian occupation of the Qumran site during the second half of the second century BCE and argues that the communal buildings were first erected around 100 BCE (see The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, 2002, 63-9). If she is right, the initial edifice was already on a relatively large scale and would correspond to the needs of an already well- established group. In fact, her theory is compatible with the early Hasmonaean beginnings of the sect based on literary considerations, albeit without supporting archaeological evidence. 71 The Zadokite affiliation of the Teacher of Righteousness may be supported by circumstantial evidence. According to the older version of the Community Rule, represented by 4Q258 and 256, the democratic 'Congregation' ('the Many') constituted the supreme authority of the Community with ordinary priests (sons of Aaron) forming the top layer in doctrinal and legal administration. This position is attributed to the 'sons of Zadok', members of the high-priestly family, in the revised 1QS v. In other words, at some early stage in the history
109of the sect there was a Zadokite takeover. Combining this information with the account of CD 1 (supported by 4QD), we may reasonably surmise that the change occurred with the arrival of the Teacher of Righteousness sent by God to take care of the 'plant' of Aaron and Israel (ordinary priests and lay Jews), who had been groping, leaderless, for twenty years. The crisis in the Zadokite ranks in the 160s BCE, following the secession of Onias IV to Egypt, provides the likeliest background for these events (cf. G. Vermes, 'The Leadership of the Qumran Community' in Geschichte-Tradition-Reflexion [Martin Hengel Festschrift] I (Tübingen, 1996, 375-84). In this connection it may not be irrelevant to note that according to 4Q266 fr. 5 ii priests who had emigrated among the Gentiles were disqualified. 72 To these four outstanding Essenes we may now add possibly the name of a Bursar or Guardian, Eleazar son of Nahmani, mentioned in one of the Qumran ostraca (cf. below, p. 634), and the three imperfect members, Yohanan and two men called Hananiah mentioned in 4Q477. See above, pp. 31-2. 73 Another metaphorical use of Lebanon (= the foreign nations) is implied in the quotation of Isa. x, 34 in the Rule of War (4Q285 fr. 5). 74 4Q268 adds: to me. 75 4Q266 fr. 2 ii, 3 adds: so that from all the paths of the sin[ners you shall keep away]. 76 Or: men called (4Q266, fr. 2 ii, II). 77 Or: when he acted wickedly against Israel the first time (4Q266, fr. 3 ii, 6-7). 78 4Q266, fr. 3 ii, 10 adds: of which Moses said: 79 MS. B continues: by the hand of the prophet Zechariah: Awake, O Sword, against my shepherd, against my companion, says God.
110Strike the shepherd that tbe flock may be scattered and I will stretch my hand over the little ones (Zech. xiii, 7). The humble of the flock are those who watch for Him. They shall be saved at the time of the Visitation whereas the others shall be delivered up to the sword when the Anointed of Aaron and Israel shall come, as it came to pass at the time of the former Visitation concerning which God said by the hand of Ezekiel: They shall put a mark on tbe forebeads of those who sigh and groan (Ezek. ix, 4). But the others were delivered up to the avenging sword of the Covenant. 80 MS. B inserts: they have entered the Covenant of repentance but they have not turned, etc. 81 MS. B adds: bore witness against the people, so will He love, etc. 82 The end of the Exhortation of CD is followed in 4Q266, fr. 4, lines 11- 12, by a badly preserved allusion to the Messiah: 'God [will set up] a shep[herd for His people] and he will feed [them] in [pastures] ...' 83 4Q266, fr. 8 i, 6 adds: and (then) draw near. 84 4Q266, fr. 8 ii, 8; 270, fr. 6 iii, 15 add: And that which He said: 85 Or: through (4Q270, fr. 6 iii, 18). 86 (4Q267, fr. 9 i,i) adds: and from one month to another. 87 Or: in any (4Q270, fr. 6 iv, 21). 88 Or: his field (4Q266). 89 Or: show bitterness to (4Q271, fr. 5 i, 7). 90 4Q270, fr. 6 v, 17 adds: day. 91 Or: transgress (4Q267, fr. 9 v, 5).
11192 4Q266, fr. 10 i, 4 adds: to the congregation. 93 This reading (yolid), which has been queried by many, including myself, seems to be confirmed by computer image enhancement. E. Puech (RQ 16, 1994, 361) prefers to read yitgalleh,'will be revealed'. 94 For the contents of the badly damaged columns III-XII, see p. 191. 95 Reading dglyw(standards = divisions) with the Samaritan Pentateuch against the traditional rglyw (feet). Computer enhancement, initiated by George Brooke, has made this reading certain. 96 The inclusion of these documents in the 1997 edition was made possible by the kindness of F. M. Cross and Esther Eshel, who generously put at my disposal in advance their decipherment of the two inscribed potsherds. 97 If the editors' reading is correct, line 8 may also be understood as alluding to the completion of a year of initiation in the Community, at the end of which the novice had to hand over his property to the Bursar of the sect according to Community Rule (1QS VI, 18-20): 'And if it be his destiny, according to the judgement of the Priests and the multitude of the men of their Covenant, to enter the company of the Community, his property and earnings shall be handed over to the Bursar of the Congregation who shall register it to his account and shall not spend it for the Congregation.' 'El'azar son of Nahmani, mentioned in line 2, may have been the Bursar (or the Overseer/Guardian) of the Community in the first century CE.
