H — Miscellanea

Part 4

penal code Community Rule Damascus Document penance Pentateuch Aprocryphal Pentateuch B extracts from 4QHalakhah A Reworked Pentateuch pentecontad calendar Pentecost pesharim, see Bible, commentaries/interpretation Pfann, S. Pharisees Philo of Alexandriaand n. Plea for Deliverance Pliny the Elder Ploeg, J. P. M. van der. poetry Lamentations Messianic Apocalypse Poetic Fragments on Jerusalem and 'King'Jonathan Renewed Earth see also hymns; psalms; Wisdom literature Pompey Pontius Pilate Poppilius Laenas postulants Potlaos prayers. appointed times at time of war Daily Prayers Liturgical Prayer Prayer Celebrating the Morning and the Evening

Prayer of Enosh and Enoch Prayer of Nabonidus Prayers for Festivals Words of the Heavenly Lights see also hymns pride Priest-Messiah priests. at Qumran Blessings of Calendars of Priestly Courses disqualification High Priesthood history 'last priests' of Jerusalem rules for tithes Torah interpretation in towns/camps war duties wife Zadokite. see also Teacher of Righteousness; Wicked Priest property common ownership lying in matters of novices and prophecy of Balaam Community and of Isaiah of Joshua Prophets Books of List of False Prophets

the Prophet proselytes provenance of the Scrolls Proverbs, Book of Psalms apocryphal Apocryphal Psalms Apocryphal Psalms Apocryphal Psalms Psalms, cont'd Commentary on Psalms Non-canonical Psalms Poetic Fragments on Jerusalem and 'King' Jonathan Psalm cli, 'supernumerary' Psalm cxlvi Psalms of Joshua or Joshua Apocryphon Psalms Scroll Songs of the Sage see also hymns Pseudepigrapha Ptolemies Ptolemy Philometor, King Ptollas Puech, Emile. DJD DJD XXV, DJD XXXI DJD XXXVII punishments death penalty expulsion imprisonment for injury penance

purity and purification and the common table exclusion from Harvesting MMT on novices and Purification Ritual A Purification Ritual B ritual bathing Temple Scroll on Tohorot Ba-Bb Tohorot A Qahat, Testament of Qimron, E.. Qumran caves abandonment of Scrolls archaeological finds date of occupationand discovery of Scrolls location see also Khirbet Qumran Qumran Community, see Community Qumran writings, see Dead Sea Scrolls Rabin, Chaim radiocarbon-dating tests rank loss of Rebukes, Register of 'red heifer, law of Reich, Ron.

Remonstrances Renewal of the Covenant, Feast of Renewed Earth, The resurrection Resurrection fragment Righteousness, Time of Righteousness, Triumph of Righteousness, Ways of rituals bathing Confession Ritual Purification Ritual A Purification Ritual B Renewal of the Covenant sacred meal Temple worship Roberts, C. H. Robinson, James M. xo and Rockefeller Museum Rofe, A. Romans Jewish rebellion against referred to as Kittim torture of Essenes see also Kittim Roth, Cecilnd n Royal Messiah Rules The Book of War Community Rule Damascus Document Entry into the Covenant Four Classes of the Community Halakhah

Harvesting Master's Exhortation to the Sons of Dawn Men Who Err Messianic Rule MMT Register of Rebukes Remonstrances Temple Scroll Tohorot War Scroll The Wicked and the Holy see also individual rules Ruth, Book of Sabbath Hymns for the Sabbath Day laws MMT calendar Songs for the Holocaust of the Sabbath sacred mushroom and sacrifices Essenes and MMT on Temple Scroll on Sadducees and MMT. Sage, Songs of the Sahin, Khalil Iskandar. Salome-Alexandra, Queen Samaria Samuel Apocryphon Sanders, J. A. and Sanderson, Judith E. ion.

sapiential works, see Wisdom literature Satan, see Belial; Melkiresha' sceptre Schechter, S. Schiffinan, Lawrence H. Schlosser, Robert. Schuller, Eileen Schürer, E. Schwartz, D. R. 'Scoffer' see also Wicked Priest scribes scriptorium at Qumran, zon. Scrolls Symposium 1993, zon. Second Temple era sectarian scrolls Seductress, The Seely, D. Seleucids Sellers, O. R. Septuagint Serekh ha-Milhamah, see war, Rule of sexual abstinence see also celibacy sexual morality see also marriage Shanks, Hershel Shelamzion Sheol signa, worship of 'Signs' Document Simeon Simon Sinan, D.

sins confession of inadvertent punishment Skehan, Patrick, ion. skin disease Skotheim, Robert A. gn. slander Smith, M. Sokoloff, M. soldiers Solomon, King Some Observances of the Law, see MMT 'son of God' 'son of man' Songs of the Holocaust of the Sabbath Songs of the Sage sons, rebellious 'sons of dawn' 'sons of light' 'sons of the Pit' 'Spouter of Lies' see also Wicked Priest standards of the Congregation Roman worship of their Stanton, G. star-god Starcky, Jean stave Stegemann, H. Steudel, Annette Stone, M. E. Strange, James F.

Strugnell, John. DJD X, D7D XIII, DJD XIX, DJD XXXIV, RQ Stuckenbruck, L. Sukenik, E. L. Syncellus, George Syriac manuscripts Syriac psalms tabernacle Tabernacles, Feast of taharah, see tohorot Talmon, Shemaryahu. Talmud Tanhumim or Consolations Tanzer, S. Targums Targum of Job Targum of Leviticus taxes Teacher of Righteousness in Commentary on Micah dating and hymns identity of Jonathan and and MMT and prophecy sent from God. Wicked Priest and

Teicher, Joseph Temple buildings hidden treasure of Jerusalem unlawful in Leontopolis worship during war with Kittim Temple Scroll on the calendar on kinship and marriage legislation in on purity matters Ten Commandments see also Moses, Law of Testimonia or Messianic Anthology Testimonium Flavianum Tetragram Thanksgiving Hymns Therapeutai. Thiede, C. P. Thiering, Barbara throne-chariot thunder Tigchelaar, E. J. C. Time of Righteousness tithes Tobit, Book of tohorah, see tohorot tohorot Tohorot Ba TohorotBa-Bb Tohorot Da Tohorot A see also purity and purification Torah

interpretation study of swearing to adhere to Tov, Emanueland towns compared and linked with Qumran structure and rules transgressions, see sins translation notes treason treasure, hidden Trebolle, J. trees, giant 'good' Trever, J.and n. tribes tribunals Trimph of Righteousness trumpets Tryphon Two Spirits doctrine Two Ways, The Ullendorf, Edward Ulrich, Eugene. units of the Community VanderKam, J. C. vengeance Vermes, Geza. 1977 lectureand n. articles.. DJDXXVI

DJDXXXVI publications..and., Vespasian virginity, proof of vows and oaths Wacholder, Ben Zion war prophecies regarding Temple Scroll laws regarding War, Rule of War Scroll Cave manuscripts Cave manuscripts poem in on Temple worship Warning, A Parable of Ways of Righteousness Weeks, Feast of Weinfeld, M. well White, S. Wicked and the Holy Wicked Priest Groningen hypothesis and harassment of Teacher of Righteousness identity wine Wisdom, Book of Wisdom literature Beatitudes Bless, My Soul Exhortation to Seek Wisdom

Fight against Evil Spirits Leader's Lament Parable of Warning Sapiential Didactic Work A Sapiential Work Sapiential Work Sapiential Work: Ways of Righteousness Sapiential Work, Instruction-like Composition Songs of the Sage The Seductress The Two Ways Wise, Michael. witnesses Wolters, A. women. childbirth excavated bones of and food menstruation oath of see also marriage; sexual morality Woude, A. S. van der. Wright Baker, Professor H. Wright, G. E. In. Xerxes, King of Persia Yadin, Yigael.and Yannai, Alexander see Jannaeus, Alexander Yardeni, Ada Yavan see also Greece

Yohanan Zadok, sons ofand Teacher of Righteousness and and Zealot theory Zealots hidden treasure Zechariah. Zedekiah Apocryphon Zephaniah, Commentary on Zion Psalm Zodiacal Calendar with a brontologion

THE STORY OF PENGUIN CLASSICS Before 1946..'Classics' are mainly the domain of academics and students, without readable editions for everyone else. This all changes when a little-known classicist, E. V. Rieu, presents Penguin founder Allen Lane with the translation of Homer's Odyssey that he has been working on and reading to his wife Nelly in his spare time.

1946 The Odyssey becomes the first Penguin Classic published, and promptly sells three million copies. Suddenly, classic books are no longer for the privileged few.

1950s Rieu, now series editor, turns to professional writers for the best modern, readable translations, including Dorothy L. Sayers's Inferno and Robert Graves's The Twelve Caesars, which revives the salacious original.

1960s The Classics are given the distinctive black jackets that have remained a constant throughout the series's various looks. Rieu retires in 1964, hailing the Penguin Classics list as 'the greatest educative force of the 20th century'.

1970s A new generation of translators arrives to swell the Penguin Classics ranks, and the list grows to encompass more philosophy, religion, science, history and politics.

1980s The Penguin American Library joins the Classics stable, with titles such as The Last of the Mohicans safeguarded. Penguin Classics now offers the most comprehensive library of world literature available.

1990s The launch of Penguin Audiobooks brings the classics to a listening audience for the first time, and in 1999 the launch of the Penguin Classics website takes them online to a larger global readership than ever before.

The 21st Century Penguin Classics are rejacketed for the first time in nearly twenty years. This world famous series now consists of more than 1300 titles, making the widest range of the best books ever written available to millions - and constantly redefining the meaning of what makes a 'classic'.

The Odyssey continues..

1 For the story of my personal involvement with the Dead Sea Scrolls, see Providential Accidents: An Autobiography, SCM Press, London, and Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Md. 1988. E. L. Sukenik, Megillot genuzot, 1, Jerusalem, 1948; W. F. Albright, Bulletin of the American Schools for Oriental Research, 1-3; G. E. Wright, 'A Sensational Discovery', Biblical Arcbaeologist, 21-3. Cf. the interview with the discoverer reported by John C. Trever, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Personal Account, Grand Rapids, 1979, 191-4. Cf. Observations sur le Manuel de discipline découvert près de la Mer Morte, Paris, 1951 His major synthesis in English is The Essene Writings from Qumran, Oxford, 1961. For the latest survey, see G. Vermes and Martin Goodman, The Essenes According to the Classical Sources, Sheffield, 1989. Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Oxford, 1973. Les Manuscrits du désert de Juda,Tournai and Paris, 1953; Discovery in the Judean Desert, New York, 1956. J. T. Milik, Dix ans de découvertes dans le désert de Juda, Paris, 1957; F. M. Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies, New York, 1958; R. de Vaux, op. cit. The Dead Sea Scrolls of St Mark's Monastery, I, New Haven, 1950; II/2, New Haven, 1951. The Dead Sea Scrolls of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1954-5. N. Avigad and Y. Yadin, A Genesis Apocryphon, Jerusalem, 1956.

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See now J. C. Greenfield and E. Qimron, 'The Genesis Apocryphon Col. XII', in Studies in Qumran Aramaic, edited by T. Muraoka, Louvain, 1992, 70-77. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, I: Qumran Cave I, Oxford, 1955. M. Baillet, J. T. Milik and R. de Vaux, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan,III: Les petites grottes de Qumrân, Oxford, 1962. J. A. Sanders, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan,IV: The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave, Oxford, 1965. J. M. Allegro and A. A. Anderson, Discoveries in the JudaeanDesert ofJordan,V: I, Oxford, 1968. A re-edition of this volume by George J. Brooke is planned. Khalil Iskandar Sahin, familiarly known as Kando, a cobbler cum antique dealer, had been the principal middle man between the Bedouin discoverers of thousands of fragments and Roland de Vaux in the 1950s. Megillat ha-Miqdash I-III, Jerusalem, 1977. See also E. Qimron, The Temple Scroll: A Critical Edition with Extensive Reconstructions, Beer-Sheva/Jerusalem, 1996. Members of the original editorial team spent a great deal of time working in Jerusalem in the 1950s, but were subsequently disbanded, most of them occupying full-time teaching posts in Britain, France and the United States. J. P. M. van der Ploeg, A. S. van der Woude and B. Jongeling, Le Targum deJobde la grotte de Qumrân, Leiden, 1971; D. N. Freedman and K. A. Matthews, The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll, Winona Lake, 1985. 19

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In the 1970s, only J. T. Milik remained productive - The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4, Oxford, 1976; Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, VI: Oxford, 1977 - before he, too, entered a state of hibernation. By 1991, he was persuaded to relinquish all his unpublished documents, which were re- assigned to new editors. The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective, London, 1977, A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls: The Hebrew and Aramaic Texts from Cave 4, Biblical Archaeology Society, Washington, 1991. Two further volumes appeared in 1992 and 1995- A Preliminary Concordance to tbe Hebrew and Aramaic Fragments from Qumran CavesII to. The following brief account of the Huntington Library's involvement with the Dead Sea Scrolls is based on documentary evidence kindly provided by its President, Robert A. Skotheim. In 1982, Elizabeth Hay Bechtel, a renowned Californian philanthropist and Scroll Maecenas, deposited at the Huntington a set of negatives of Qumran manuscripts. These had been taken in 1980 by Robert Schlosser, the chief photographer of the library, for whom Mrs Bechtel obtained permission from the Jerusalem Department of Antiquities to photograph all the Dead Sea Scrolls. Two series of pictures were produced, one for the Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center founded by Mrs Bechtel in Claremont, California, and another for herself. The latter ended up in a 'climatized' vault specially constructed at the Huntington with the help of a Bechtel grant of $50,000. In 1986, a year before her death, Mrs Bechtel donated her Scroll photographs to the Huntington. Paragraph of the agreement made in April 1982 specifies that materials on which no restrictive policy is applied by Mrs Bechtel 'will be made

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available to use by scholars in accordance with the Huntington's general policies for its own materials'. No such restriction was ever conveyed by her to the trustees of the library. Bill Moffett became director of the Library in 1990. It was on the basis of clause of the agreement that he proposed to the trustees the opening of the Huntington's Qumran photographs to all qualified users of the library. Bill Moffett, the 'liberator of the Scrolls', died on February 1995 at the age of sixty-two. Robert H. Eisenman and James M. Robinson, A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, I-II, Washington, 1991. The quality of many of these pictures leaves much to be desired, but others are serviceable. Patrick W. Skehan, Eugene Ulrich and Judith E. Sanderson, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, IX: Qumran Cave 4, IV, Palaeo- Hebrew and Greek Biblical Manuscripts, Oxford, 1992. Cf. Emanuel Tov, 'The Unpublished Qumran Texts from Caves and II', JJS, 101-36. The claim that several minute Greek scraps from Cave represent the New Testament is unsubstantiated. Cf. below, pp. 472-3. It is suggested that the Aramaic fragments of 4Q550 derive from a proto-Esther. 4Q242-6 testify to the existence of a non-canonical Daniel cycle. The exception is the Damascus Document, well attested in Caves 4, and 6, but previously known from two incomplete medieval manuscripts found in the Cairo Genizah, and first published by S. Schechter as Documents of Jewish Sectaries, I: Fragments of a Zadokite Work, Cambridge, 1910; repr. with a Prolegomenon by J. A. Fitzmyer. For a better edition see Magen Broshi, The Damascus Document Reconsidered, Jerusalem, 1992. 31