B — Hymns and Poems

Hymnic Fragment (4Q433a)

1The verso side of this papyrus, palaeographically dated to the first half of the first century BCE, contains the beginning of the Community Rule (4Q255). The recto carries a poem similar to the Qumran Hymns or Hodayot and elaborates the familiar image of the Community as a plant in God's garden. For the editio princeps, see E. Schuller, DJD, XXIX, 237-45. Fr. 2 ... for the everlasting sea[sons]. For the Master. A sim[il]itude about the glory of ... A plant of delight, a plant in His garden and in his vineyard. Its twigs will bear fruit and its branches will increase... and its branches (reaching) above the elevated support of heaven; and its splendour offers itself for everlasting generations, producing fru[it] for all who are to taste it. There will be no wild grapes among its fruits. It will have foliage, leaves and blossoms. None of its roots will be pulled up from its bed of balsam for...

Apocryphal Psalms (I) (IIQPsa=IIQ5,4Q88)

1The incomplete Psalms scroll from Cave 11 (11QPsa), published by J. A. Sanders (DJD, IV, Oxford, 1965), contains seven non-canonical poems interspersed among the canonical Psalms. One of these figures as Ps. 151 in the Greek Psalter, and four further compositions have been preserved in Syriac translation. Three previously unknown poems and an extract from the Hebrew version of Sirach li also feature in the Scroll. In Ps. 151 A and B or Syriac Ps. i, the story of the election of David, the shepherd boy, as ruler of Israel, and his victory over Goliath, are poetically retold. Ps. 154 or Syr. Ps. ii is a sapiential hymn, the beginning and end of which are extant only in Syriac, but 4Q448, column A (lines 8—10) represents a few words in Hebrew corresponding to Ps. 154, 17-20 (cf. E. and H. Eshel and A. Yardeni, 'A Qumran Composition Containing Part of Ps. 154 ... ', IEJ 42 (1992), 201-14). Ps. 155 or Syr. Ps. iii is an amalgam of an individual complaint and thanksgiving. Part of it is an alphabet acrostic, i.e. the lines begin with consecutive letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Plea for Deliverance is an individual thanksgiving hymn, the beginning of which is lost. The Zion Psalm, of which lines 1-3 and 8-15 are also in a fragmentary Psalms scroll from Cave 4 (4Q88 VII-VIII), is another alphabetic acrostic hymn praising Jerusalem. Finally, the Psalm of the Creation is a further sapiential hymn. A midrashic account of the poetic activities of David is inserted in column XXVII of IIQ5, crediting him with 4,050 compositions, subdivided into psalms, songs for the daily holocaust, songs for the

2Sabbath sacrifice, songs for festivals and songs for exorcism. The mention of fifty-two Sabbaths and the 364 days indicates that the author envisaged the solar year of the Qumran calendar. The figure of 4,050 should be viewed against the equally prolific literary achievement claimed for Solomon in 1 Kings v, 12 (3,000 proverbs and 1,005 songs according to the Hebrew text; 3,000proverbs and 5,000 songs according to the Septuagint). As for Josephus, he attributes to Solomon 1,005 books of poems and 3,000 books of parables (Antiquities VIII, 44). Only this catalogue, written in prose, is definitely sectarian. The psalms themselves probably belong to the second century BCE at the latest, but they may even date to the third century BCE. Psalm 151A XXVIII Hallelujah. Of David, son of Jesse. 1. I was smaller than my brothers, and younger than the sons of my father. He made me shepherd of his flock, and a ruler over his kids. 2. My hands have made a pipe and my fingers a lyre. I have rendered glory to the Lord; I have said so in my soul. 3. The mountains do not testify to him, and the hills do not tell (of him). The trees praise my words and the flocks my deeds. 4. For who can tell and speak of and recount the works of the Lord? God has seen all, he has heard all, and he listens to all. 5. He sent his prophet to anoint me, Samuel to magnify me. My brothers went out to meet him, beautiful of figure, beautiful of appearance. 6. They were tall of stature with beautiful hair, yet the Lord did not choose them. 7. He sent and took me from behind the flock, and anointed me with holy oil, as a prince of his people, and a ruler among the

3sons of his Covenant. Psalm 151B The first display of David's power after God's prophet had anointed him. 1. Then I saw the Philistine taunting [from the enemy lines] ... Syriac Psalm ii = Psalm 154 1 XVIII [Glorify God with a great voice. Proclaim his majesty in the congregation of the many. 2 Glorify his name amid the multitude of the upright and recount his greatness with the faithful. 3 Join] your souls to the good and to the perfect to glorify the Most High. 4 Assemble together to make known his salvation. And be not slow in making known his strength, and his majesty to all the simple. 5 For wisdom is given to make known the glory of the Lord and to recount the greatness of his deeds. She is made known to man, 7 to declare his strength to the simple, and to give insight into his greatness to those without understanding, 8 they who are far from her gates, who have strayed from her entrances. 9 For the Most High is the Lord of Jacob, and his majesty is over all his works. 10 And a man who glorifies the Most High is accepted by him as one bringing an offering, 11 as one offering he-goats and calves, as one causing the altar to grow fat on a multitude of burnt-offerings, as an agreeable incense by the hand of the righteous.

412 From the doors of the righteous her voice is heard, and from the congregation of the devout her song. 13 When they eat their fill, she is mentioned, and when they drink in community together. 14 Their meditation is on the Law of the Most High, and their words are for making known his strength. 15 How far from the wicked is her word, and her knowledge from the insolent. 16 Behold the eyes of the Lord have compassion on the good, 17 and his mercy is great over those who glorify him; from an evil time he saves [their] souls. 18 [Bless] the Lord who redeems the humble from the hand of str[angers] [and deliv]ers [the perfect from the hand of the wicked;] 19 [who lifts up a horn out of Ja]cob, and a judge [out of Israel]. 20 [He desires his tabernacle in Zion, and chooses Jerusalem for ever.] SyriacPsalm iii =Psalm 155 1. XXIV O Lord, I have called to Thee, hear me. 2. I have spread out my hands towards Thy holy dwelling-place. 3. Turn Thine ear and grant me my request, 4. and do not withhold my plea from me. 5. Construct my soul and do not cast it away, 6. and do not leave it alone before the wicked. 7. May the true judge turn away from me the rewards of evil. 8. Lord, do not judge me according to my sins, for no living man is righteous before Thee. 9. Lord, cause me to understand Thy Law and teach me Thy judgements. 10. And the multitude shall hear of Thy deeds, and peoples shall honour Thy glory. 11. Remember me and forget me not, and bring me not to

5unbearable hardships. 12. Put away from me the sin of my youth, and may my sins not be remembered against me. 13. Lord, cleanse me from the evil plague, and let it not return to me. 14. Dry up its roots within me, and permit not its leaves to flourish in me. 15. Lord, Thou art glory; therefore my plea is fulfilled before Thee. 16. 6 To whom shall I cry so that he will grant it to me? What more can the po[wer] of the sons of men do? 17. From before Thee, O Lord, comes my trust. I cried to the Lord and he answered me; he healed the brokenness of my heart. 18. 8 I was sleepy [and I] slept; I dreamt and also [I awoke]. 19. [Lord, Thou didst support me when my heart was stricken, and I called upon the Lor]d [my saviour]. 20. Now I will see their shame; I have relied on Thee, and I will not be ashamed. (Render glory for ever and ever.) 21. Redeem Israel, Thy pious one, O Lord, and the house of Jacob, Thine elect. Prayer for Deliverance XIX For no worm thanks Thee, nor a maggot recounts Thy loving- kindness. Only the living thank Thee, all they whose feet totter, thank Thee, when Thou makest known to them Thy loving-kindness, and causest them to understand Thy righteousness. For the soul of all the living is in Thy hand; Thou hast given breath to all flesh. O Lord, do towards us according to Thy goodness, according to the greatness of Thy mercies, and according to the greatness of Thy righteous deeds. The Lord listens to the voice of all who love his name and does not permit his loving-kindness to depart from them.

6Blessed be the Lord, doer of righteous deeds, who crowns his pious ones with loving-kindness and mercies. My soul shouts to praise Thy name, to praise with jubilation Thy mercies, to announce Thy faithfulness; there is no limit to Thy praises. I belonged to death because of my sins, and my iniquities had sold me to Sheol. But Thou didst save me, O Lord, according to the greatness of Thy mercies, according to the greatness of Thy righteous deeds. I, too, have loved Thy name, and have taken refuge in Thy shadow. When I remember Thy power, my heart is strengthened and I rely on Thy mercies. Forgive my sins, O Lord, and purify me of my iniquity. Grant me a spirit of faithfulness and knowledge; let me not be dishonoured in ruin. Let not Belial dominate me, nor an unclean spirit; let pain and the evil inclination not possess my bones. For Thou, O Lord, art my praise, and I hope in Thee every day. My brethren rejoice with me and the house of my father is astounded by Thy graciousness. ... for ever I will rejoice in Thee. Apostrophe to Zion XXIII will remember you, O Zion, for a blessing; with all my might I love you; your memory is to be blessed for ever. Your hope is great, O Zion; Peace and your awaited salvation will come. Generation after generation shall dwell in you, and generations of the pious shall be your ornament. They who desire the day of your salvation shall rejoice in the greatness of your glory. They shall be suckled on the fullness of your glory, and in your beautiful streets they shall make tinkling sounds.

7You shall remember the pious deeds of your prophets, and shall glorify yourself in the deeds of your pious ones. Cleanse violence from your midst; lying and iniquity, may they be cut off from you. Your sons shall rejoice within you, and your cherished ones shall be joined to you. How much they have hoped in your salvation, and how much your perfect ones have mourned for you? Your hope, O Zion, shall not perish, and your expectation will not be forgotten. Is there a just man who has perished? Is there a man who has escaped his iniquity? Man is tried according to his way, each is repaid according to his deeds. Your oppressors shall be cut off from around you, O Zion, and all who hate you shall be dispersed. Your praise is pleasing, O Zion; it rises up in all the world. Many times I will remember you for a blessing; I will bless you with all my heart. You shall attain to eternal righteousness, and shall receive blessings from the noble. Take the vision which speaks of you, and the dreams of the prophets requested for you. Be exalted and increase, O Zion; Praise the Most High, your Redeemer! May my soul rejoice in your glory! Hymn to the Creator XXVI The Lord is great and holy, the Most Holy for generation after generation. Majesty goes before him, and after him abundance of many waters. Loving-kindness and truth are about his face; truth and judgement and

8righteousness are the pedestal of his throne. He divides light from obscurity; he establishes the dawn by the knowledge of his heart. When all his angels saw it, they sang, for he showed them that which they had not known. He crowns the mountains with fruit, with good food for all the living. Blessed be the master of the earth with his power, who establishes the world by his wisdom. By his understanding he stretched out the heaven, and brought forth [wind] from his st[ores]. He made [lightnings for the rai]n, and raised mist from the end [of the earth]. An Account of David's Poems XXVII David son of Jesse was wise and brilliant like the light of the sun; (he was) a scribe, intelligent and perfect in all his ways before God and men. YHWH gave him an intelligent and brilliant spirit, and he wrote 3,600 psalms and 364 songs to sing before the altar for the daily perpetual sacrifice, for all the days of the year; and 52 songs for the Sabbath offerings; and 30 songs for the New Moons, for Feast-days and for the Day of Atonement. In all, the songs which he uttered were 446, and 4 songs to make music on behalf of those stricken (by evil spirits). In all, they were 4,050. All these he uttered through prophecy which was given him from before the Most High.

Apocryphal Psalms (II) (4Q88)

1The last four columns (VII- x) of a fragmentary Psalms manuscript from Cave 4 have preserved three apocryphal poems. The first of these (cols. vii-viii) is identical with 11Q5 XXII already presented (pp. 311- 12). Of the other two, the first (col. ix) focuses on the final judgement and the second (col. x) is a hymn to Judah. For the editio princeps, see P. W. Skehan et al., DJD, XVI, 102-6. IX ... Congregation and they shall praise the name of the Lord, for He has come to judge every action, to remove the wicked from the earth [so that the sons] of iniquity shall not be found. The heavens [shall give] their dew and there shall be no... [within] their [boundarie]s. And the earth shall [give] its fruit in its time and its [prod]uct shall not fail. The fruit trees [shall] ... of its vineyards and its ... shall not lie. The poor shall eat and the God-fearers shall be sated. X ... Then heaven and earth shall exult together. Let all the stars of the evening twilight exult. Rejoice, Judah, rejoice!

2Rejoice, rejoice and be glad with gladness! Celebrate your feasts and pay your vows for there is no Belial in your midst. Raise your hand and fortify your right hand! Behold the enemy shall perish and all the workers of iniquity shall be dispersed. But Thou, O Lord, art for eve[r]. Thy glory shall be for eve[r and eve]r. [Ha]ll[eluiah].

Apocryphal Psalms (III) (11QapPsa=11Q11)

1Badly worn remains of five columns of a Scroll with apocryphal psalms, at least partly devoted to exorcism, have survived in Cave 11. Most of the columns are so poorly preserved that no continuous reading is possible. In col. I, where the name of Solomon implies that this was one of the poems attributed to him, the repeated use of the term 'demons' and mention of 'healing' suggest the genre of the composition. In col. III a 'powerful angel' is mentioned who seems to be charged with defeating the demon and casting it to the 'great abyss' and the 'nethermost [hell]'. Col. v, 3—13 has been recognized as the canonical Psalm xci, preceded by small remains of the exorcistic poem of col. IV and followed by a liturgical formula, 'And they shall an[swer, Amen, amen.] Selah.' All the lacunae of col. IV have been conjecturally filled by E. Puech in a French rendering. His presentation will be reproduced here in English; it provides a possible general understanding of the text, but with no guarantee that any of the restored details is correct. For preliminary editions, see J. P. M. van der Ploeg, 'Un petit rouleau de psaumes apocryphes (IIQPsApa)', in G. Jeremias et al., eds., Tradition und Glaube (K. G. Kuhn Festschrift) (Göttingen, 1971), 128-39; E. Puech, 'Les deux derniers psaumes davidiques du rituel d'exorcisme, IIQPsApa IV 4-v 14', in D. Dimant and U. Rappaport, eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls: Forty Years of Research (Leiden, 1992), 64-89; cf. esp. pp. 68-9. For the editio princeps, see F. García Martinez et al., DJD, XXIII, 181-205.

2III ... Who [has] pe[rformed these signs] and marv[els on] the earth?

3The Lord is the one [who] performed th[ese through] His [might]. He adjures all [His] a[ngels] and all the see[d of holiness] who stand before [Him, and makes all the hea]vens testify and the whole earth [against those] who sinned against [all men], and acted [wickedly] against every hu[man. And] they know [the mysteries of] His m[arvels] which they do not... [and they fear] the Lord... to kill... ... the Lord... the Lord... and they will fear that great blow.

4IV ... The Lord will strike you with a [grea]t b[low] for your destruction... and in His anger He will send against you a mighty angel [to execute] all His decisions, who will be [without] mercy on you... against all these, who [will take] you [down] to the great abyss, [and to] the nethermost [hell.] ... dark [in the gr]eat abyss... no more on the earth. ... for ever, and... by the curse of Abaddon (the bottom of hell) ...the furious anger of the L[ord]....

5V... [Ra]phael healed them. Amen, amen. Selah. Of David ... [an incan]tation in the name of the Lor[d. Call an]y time on heav[en], for He will come to you in the ni[ght, and] you will say to Him: Who are you, [one born of] man And of the seed of the ho[ly on]es? Your face is a face of in[anity] And your horns are horns of dream. You are darkness and not light, Injustice and not righteousness. The Prince of the host, the Lord,

6[will send] you [down to the lowest he]ll, [and will close the ga]tes of bronze through [which n]o light [passes] and [the] sun wh[ich rises on the] righteous [will] not [enlighten you] ... And you will say...

7VI ... To David. O[n words of incanta]tion. [Cry out al]l the time in the name of the Lor[d] towards heave[n when] Beli[al] comes to you. [And sa]y to him: Who are you? [Be afraid of] man and of the seed of the ho[ly ones]. Your face is a face of [nothin]g and your horns are horns of dr[eam]. [You ar]e [d]arkness and not light; [injustic]e and not righteousness. [The prin]ce of the h[os]t [is against you]; the Lord [will cast] you [to] the nethermost [hell], [closed by] bronze ga[tes] through [which n]o light [shall pass]; nor [shall shine there the light of the] sun which [will rise] over the righteous to il[lumine his face. And] you will say: Is [there not an angel with the ri]ghteous when [judgement] comes [for] S[atan for] he caused him evil? [And the spirit of t]ruth [will save him] from dar[kness because right]eousness is for him. ... for ever [all the] son of Bel[ial. Amen, amen.] Selah.

Non-canonical Psalms (4Q380-81)

1Two poorly preserved manuscripts, the first consisting of seven and the second of 110 fragments, contain apocryphal Hebrew religious poetry resembling biblical Psalms more than the Hodayot (1QH) from Qumran. Some of them reuse and combine canonical Psalms (e.g. fr. 15 re-employing Pss. lxxxvi and lxxxix, and fr. 24, Ps. xviii). Not one single line has survived intact and only a few of these largely mediocre poems can be translated. Their editor, Eileen Schuller, assigns the collection to the Persian-Hellenistic era and considers it to be a pre- sectarian composition. Palaeographically the manuscript is dated to the first half of the first century BCE. No historical allusions are included. Like many of the biblical Psalms, these poems bore titles, three of which have been preserved: 'Psalm of Obadiah' (4Q380 1 11, 8); 'Hymn of the Man of God' (4Q381 24, 4) and 'Prayer of Manasseh, King of Judah when the King of Assyria imprisoned him' (4Q381 33, 8). The attributions are no doubt pseudepigraphic. Whether Obadiah is the minor prophet or the court official mentioned in 1 Kings xviii, 3 cannot be decided. For the editio princeps, see Eileen Schuller, DJD, XI, 75-172. 4Q380, fr. 1 I ... [Jeru]salem, that is [the city chosen by the L]ord from everlasting to [everlasting.] ... the holy ones [for the na]me of the Lord is called on her, [and his glory] is seen on Jerusalem and Zion. Who will utter the name of the Lord, and who makes all his praises heard?

2The Lord [remem]bered him in his favour and visited him that he might show him the prosperity [of] his [cho]sen ones, making him re[joice in the gladness of his nation] (cf. Ps. cvi, 2,4-5).

3II [And] he made for you a man w[ho ... ] for he is the one [whose] words they kept which are for all the sons of Israel... ... your hand will [not] save you, for the strength of [your] God does good. And those (filled with) wicked hatred, how long will you delight to do evil? ... vacat Psalm of Obadiah. God... truth is in it, and his loving kindness ... Fr. 2 ... mountains and hills... All who are founded on it will shake... [and they will cry to] the Lord in their distress. From their oppression He will deliver them, For the Lord is gracious to the pious... To the man... 4Q381, fr. I ... [his wisdom] I have declared, and I will meditate on his marvel, and it will become my teacher. Judgement... of my mouth, and to the simple and they will understand, and to the senseless and they will know. O Lord, how mi[ghty] ... marvels

4He made heaven and earth in his days (?), and by his word ... the riverbeds He... night and st[a]rs and constellations... and He caused them to shine ... [every] tree and every fru[it of the vineyar]d and every produce of the field. And according to his words... all... m[ankind] and by his spirit he established them to have dominion over all this, over the ground and all [its produce(?)] from new moon to new moon, from festival to festival, from day to day to eat its fruit, fruit of ... ... and birds and all that belongs to them to eat the best of everything and also... ... in them and all his hosts and His ange[ls] ... to serve man and to minister to him... Fr. 15 ... Thou wilt turn my heart ... [Turn to me and take pity on me; give thy strength to Thy servant] and save the son of Thy handmaid. Show me [a sign of Thy favour, that those who hate me may see and be put to shame because Thou,] my [G]od, hast helped me (Ps. lxxxvi, 16-17) and I will prepare (a sacrifice) for Thee, my God. ... [Thou dost rule the rag]ing of the sea; Thou stillest its waves. [Thou didst crush Rahab like a carcass, Thou didst scatter Thine enemies with Thy mighty arm] (Ps. lxxxix, 10-11). [The world and] all that is in it, Thou hast founded them (ibid. 12). Thou hast a [mighty] arm; strong is Thy hand,

5high Thy right hand (ibid. 14) [For who in the skies can be compared to thee,] my God? And who among the sons of 'gods' and in all [the council of the holy ones? ... ... For Thou] art the glory of its majesty. As for me, Thine anointed one, I have understood... [I will make] thee [know]n, for Thou hast made me know; I will have insight, for Thou hast given me insight... For on Thy name, my God, we shall call, and [we shall wait] for Thy salvation. And they will put it on like a garment and like a dress... Fr. 17 ...In splendour Thou wilt look on Judah and... My God, Thou wilt swallow them up And [fire] will de[vour them] ... Fr. 24 ... Psalm of the Man of God. Lord, God ... He has redeemed Judah from all distress and from Ephraim... ... generation. Those who have passed his test will praise him and say, 'Arise [O God'] ... Thy name is my salvation, my rock, my fortress and [my] refuge [is my God] (Ps. xviii, 3). On the day of... I will call on the Lord and he will answer me, my help... those who hate me. And he will say,... [My c]ry be[fore him] comes to his ears (Ps. xviii, 7) [From his temple he will hear my] voi[ce]. [And] the earth will [re]el [and rock,

6and the foundations of the mountains tremble... for he is angry. Smoke went up from his nostrils (Ps. xviii, 7-9) ... Fr. 31 ... in the net which they have concealed ... I will sing to ... I will meditate over Thy wonders for to ... before Thee... Thou dost save me and lift me up from the tents of death ... before all ... All its ways come to ... In a holy place ... [Selah.] vacat ... [Prayer of... k]ing of Judah. Hear o [my] Go[d] ... I will recount before those who fear Thee... Who can understand Thy [th]oughts? For my oppressors have increased before Thee. Thou hast known them and Thou hast subdued the enemies of my soul before Thine e[yes]. For I will live ... [and] Thou shalt [not] conceal my iniquity to those with understanding. Thou shalt slay them (the enemies) O God of my salvation. The days of my existence are treasured up. What can a man say (but) 'Here I am' ? And how [dost Thou deliver] to the sword those who wait for me, those who say... on the day of wrath? They have woven a crown for my head. For their glory is a splendid pillar... ... from the Book of li[fe]. Those who frighten me will be cut off And my enemies will finish ...

7... a song and thanksgiving ... Fr. 33 ... Rise [above the heaven]s, O Lord, and [my] God ... And let us glory in Thy might for [Thy wonders] are inscrutable ... Thou shalt place me and Thy chastisement will be my [joy]. ... everlasting and to extol. Thee. For my sins have become too many for me... But Thou, my God, shalt send Thy spi[rit] [and Thy mercy] to the son of Thy handmaid and Thy loving-kindness to the servant who is near Thee ... I will exult and rejoice in Thee before those who fear [Thee], for [Thou shalt judge] Thy servants in Thy righteousness, and according to Thy loving-kindness ... to save ... to thee. Selah. vacat Prayer of Manasseh, King of Judah when the King of Assyria gaoled him. ... [my G]od ... my salvation is near in Thine eyes ... I wait for Thy delivering presence, and I feel faint before Thee because of my s[in]. For [Thou hast] enlarged [Thy mercies(?)], and I have multiplied guilt. And thus ... from eternal joy and my soul shall not see goodness ... He has lifted me up on high above a nation ... And I did not remember thee [in Thy plac]e of h[oliness]; I did not serve [Thee] ...

8Fr. 45 ... I will make understand .... - - . : I fear Thee and will cleanse myself Of abominations known to me. I give my soul to be humbled before Thee. They have multiplied sin And they plot against me to imprison me. But I have trusted Thee ... And do not judge me, my God, ... Those who conspire against me Let loose their lying tongue ... Fr. 46 ... [f]ools. ... Thy precepts and Thy splendour and Thy beauty ... and like clouds they spread over the fa[ce] of the earth. They will be scattered greatly until ... Man will not be strong and will not rise ... [and] Thou hast [t]ested all. And the elect, like offerings, Thou wilt purify before Thee, but the hated ones Thou wilt reject like impurity. And a stormy wind ... their [p]ractice. And those who fear Thee shall be before Thee always. (Their) horns are horns made of iron to gore many, and they will gore ... And Thou wilt make their hoofs of bronze but sinners like dung shall be trampled upon the ground ... Fr. 69 ... When he saw that the peoples [of the la]nd behaved abominably, ... all the land (turned) wholly into impure uncleanness, and from the beginning marvellously ... he consulted his heart

9to destroy them from it (the land) and make on it a [holy(?)] people. ... in you and he gave you through his spirit prophets to instruct and teach you ... ... your [God(?)] descended from heaven and spoke to you to instruct you and bring you back from the works of the inhabitants [of the land]. ... [pre]cepts, laws and commandments he established through a covenant by the hand [of Moses]. ... dwelt (?) on the land. Then it will be cleansed and ... ... to consider you whether you will be his. And if [not,] ... And to breach the covenant which he made with you and to become a stranger and not ... ... over wickedness and to change the words of his mouth ... Frs. 76-7 ... [the congregati]on of the Holy of Holies and the lot of the King of Kings ... ... my words and they will consider the wisdom which is issued from my mouth. ... and a true judge and faithful witness. Is there strength in you to answer Him ... ... to hear. ... Who among you will answer and stand up against his rebuke? ... ... For you have many judges and countless (hostile) witnesses. But ... the Lord will sit in judgement against you, judging truly and without injustice ... ... his spirits to pronounce on you true judgements. Is there understanding for you to learn ... ? ... Lord of lords, mighty and marvellous and none is like him. He has chosen y[ou instead of power]ful [peoples] and great nations to be his people to rule over all ... ... [hea]ven and earth

10and as the highest above all the nations of the earth ...

Lamentations (4Q]179,4Q501)

1Several fragments of a poem inspired by the biblical Book of Lamentations have been preserved in Cave 4 (4Q179). Only fragment 2 offers a text long enough for intelligible translation. See J. M. Allegro and A. A. Anderson, DJD, V, 75-7; cf. J. Strugnell, RQ 7 (1970), 250- 52. A second work of a similar nature (4Q501) has appeared in M. Baillet, DJD, VII, 79-80. Both texts are dated to the second half of the first century BCE. 4Q179, fr. 2 [How] solitary [lies] the city, the princess of all the peoples is desolate like a forsaken woman; and all her [daughters are forsak[en] [like] a forsaken woman, like a woman hurt and forsaken by her [husband]. All her palaces and [her] wal[ls] are like a barren woman; and like a sheltered woman are all [her] paths; [all her] ... like a woman of bitterness, and all her daughters are like women mourning for [their] hus[bands]; [all her] ... like women deprived of their only children. Weep, weep, Jer[usalem]

2[her tears flow] upon her cheeks because of her sons ... 4Q501 Give not our inheritance to strangers, nor our (hard-earned) property to foreigners. Remember that we are [the forsaken] of Thy people and the forsaken of Thine inheritance. Remember the desolate children of Thy Covenant... T[hy] freely devoted ... ; they err with no one to bring them back; they are broken with none to bind them; [they are bent down with none to ra]ise them up. The damned of Thy people have surrounded me with their lying tongues. They have been turned ... and Thy boughs to the progeny of a woman. Look and see the shame of the sons of [Thy people (?), for] our skin [is burning] and feverish heat has seized us because of their reviling tongue.

Songs for the Holocaust of the Sabbath (4Q400—407, 11Q17, Masada 1039-200)

1Fragments of a document concerned with heavenly worship were first published by J. Strugnell under the title 'The Angelic Liturgy', Congress Volume Oxford, Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, VII (Leiden, 1960), 318-45. The full material, viz. eight very damaged manuscripts from Cave 4 (4Q400-407), small fragments from Cave 11 (11Q17) and a large fragment from Masada (1039-200), was subsequently edited by Carol Newsom in DJD, XI, 173-401. For 11Q17 see F. García Martinez et al., DJD, XXIII, 259-304. From the point of view of palaeography all the manuscripts are dated to the first century BCE, with the exception of the Masada fragment, which belongs to the first half of the first century CE. The songs contain angelic praises of God assigned to the first thirteen sabbaths, i.e. the first quarter of the solar year. They imply the simultaneity of heavenly and earthly worship. Although often obscure, the poems depict the celestial sanctuary, the throne-chariot, and the various groups participating in the angelic liturgy; they also include the words of the benedictions sung by the seven archangels. The main source of inspiration is the Book of Ezekiel, especially chapters i and x in connection with the throne-chariot and xl-xlviii for the heavenly sanctuary. The songs include nothing that can be dated. On the basis of the script and on general grounds the composition is said to belong to the first century BCE. The Merkabah, or divine throne-chariot, was a central subject in ancient and medieval Jewish esotericism and mysticism. Hence this early post-biblical manifestation of the speculation is of considerable historical importance for the study of the so-called Merkabahmysticism and of the Hekhaloth ('heavenly palaces') literature. It is noteworthy

2that the Mishnah prohibits the use of Ezekiel's passage about the chariot as a prophetic reading in synagogue (Megillah IV, 10) or even its discussion in private, unless with a sage already familiar with the subject (Hagigah 11, 1). The presence of this Qumran document in the fortress of Masada is best explained by assuming either that a number of Essenes joined the revolutionaries and took with them some of their manuscripts, or that the rebels occupied the Qumran area after its evacuation by the Community and later transferred some Essene manuscripts to their final place of resistance. 4Q400 fr. I i [To the Master. Song of the holocaust of the] first [Sabba]th, on the fourth of the first month. Praise [the God of ... ] the 'gods' (= elohim) of supreme holiness; in [his] divine [kingship, rejoice. For he has established] supreme holiness among the everlastingly holy, the Holy of Holies, to be for him the priests of [the inner Temple in his royal sanctuary], ministers of the Presence in his glorious innermost Temple chamber. In the congregation of all the gods (= elim) of [knowledge, and in the congregation of all the 'gods' of] God, he engraved his precepts for all the spiritual works, and [his glorious] judgements [for all who lay the foundations of] knowledge, the people (endowed with) his glorious understanding, the 'gods' who are close to knowledge ... of eternity and from the fountain of holiness to the sanctuary of supreme [holiness] ... prie[sts] of the inner Temple, ministers of the Presence of the [most] holy King ... his glory. They shall grow in strength decree by decree to be seven [eternal councils. For he fo]unded them [for] himself as the most [holy, who minister in the h]oly of holies ... do not endure [those who per]vert the way. There is [n]othing impure in their sanctuaries. He engraved for them [precepts relating to ho]ly gifts; by them, all the everlastingly holy shall sanctify themselves. He shall purify the [luminously] pure [to repa]y all those who render their way crooked.

3Their expiations shall obtain his goodwill for all those who repent from sin... knowledge among the priests of the inner Temple, and from their mouth (proceed) the teachings of the holy with the judgements of [his glory] ... his [gra]ces for everlasting merciful forgiveness. In his zealous vengeance ... he has established for himself as priests of the inner Temple, the most holy ... of gods, the priests of the highest heights who are near [to] ... 4Q4002 (4Q401, fr. 14, 7-8) ... wonderfully to extol Thy glory among the divine beings of knowledge, and the praises of Thy kingship among the most ho[ly]. More wonderfully than 'gods' and men they are glorified amid all the camps of the 'gods' and feared by companies of men. They recount his royal majesty according to their knowledge and exalt [his glory in all] his royal heavens. In all the highest heights [they shall sing] marvellous psalms according to all [their understanding, and the glorious splendour] of the King of the 'gods' they shall recount on their stations ... for what shall we be counted among them? For what shall our priesthood be counted in their dwellings? [How shall our] ho[liness compare with their supreme] holiness? How does the offering of our tongue of dust compare with the knowledge of the divine [beings] ... our jubilation. Let us extol the God of knowledge ... Holy of Holies and His understanding is above all those who possess knowledge ... 4Q402, fr. 4, 9-10 ... 'gods' run to his visitation and the voice of a crowd ... of 'gods' in the war of heaven. And it will be ...

44Q402 4, 11-15=MASADA FRAGMENT 1, 1-7 ... wonderful new works. All these he has done wonder[fully with all the eternally hidden things] ... all the words of knowledge; for from the God of knowledge (comes) all that exists for ever, [and from] his [plan]s (come) all the eternally appointed. He produces the former things in their appointed times, and the latter things in their seasons. None among those who know the [wonderfully] revealed things can comprehend them before he makes them. When he makes them, none of [the doers of righteous]ness can understand his plan, for they are his glorious works. Before they come into being, (they derive) [from] his [pla]n. [For the Master. So]ng of the holocaust of the sixth Sabbath on the ninth of the [second] month. [Praise the G]od of gods, you inhabitants of the highest heights... [h]oly of holies and exalt his glory ... [kn]owledge of the everlasting gods ... 4Q403 1, i, 1-29 (4Q404-5)=MASADA FRAGMENT 1039-200 [Psalm of exaltation (uttered) by the tongue] of the third of the sovereign Princes, an exaltation ... He shall exalt the God of the angels on high seven times with seven wonderful exaltations. Psalm of praise (uttered) by the tongue of the four[th] to the Mighty One above all the [gods], seven wonderful mighty deeds. He shall praise the God of mighty deeds seven times with seven words of [marvellous] prais[e]. Psalm of thanksgiving (uttered) by the tongue of the fifth to the [K]in[g] of glory with its seven wonderful thanksgivings. He shall thank the God of glory se[ven times with se]v[en wor]ds of wonderful thanksgivings. [Psalm of] exultation (uttered) by the tongue of the sixth to [the] God

5of goodness with its seven [wonderful] exultations. He shall exult before the Ki[ng of] goodness seven times with sev[en words of] wonderful exultation. Psalm of [singing (uttered) by the t] ongue of the seventh of the [sovereign] Prin[ces], a powerful song [to the Go]d of ho[liness] with its se[ven] marvellous [songs]. He shall sing [to] the Kin[g of ho]liness seven times with [seven w]ords of [wonderful] so[ngs; sev]en psa[lms (singing) his blessings; sev]en [psalm]s of magnification of [his righteousness; seven psalms] of exaltation of [his] kingshi[p; seven] psalms of [praises of his glory; sev]en p[salms of thanksgivings for his marvellous deeds]; [seven psalms of ex]ul[tation of] his power; seven [psalms singin]g his holiness; ... [seven times with seven wonderful words, words of exaltation of the Sovereign Princes.] In the glo[ri]ous name of God, [the first of] the sov[erei]gn Princes sha[ll bless] all the ... [with seven wonderful words blessing all] their [councils] in [his holy] sanctuary [with sev]en wonderful wo[rd]s, [and he shall bless those who kn]ow the everlasting things. [In the name of] his truth, [the second of the sovereign Princes shall bless] all [their] sta[tions with] se[ven] wonderful word[s and he shall bless with] seven [wonderful] words. [He shall bless all those who exalt the] King with seven g[lor]iou[s] w[ords of his] marvels, [all the] eternally pure. [In the name of] his exalted kingship, the third [of the sovereign Princes shall bless all who are lif]ted up [in kn]owledge with se[ven w]ords of exal[ta]tion ... [of his true kn]ow[ledge], he shall bless with seven marvellous words; and he shall bless all [who are destined] for righteousness [with seven] wonderful [w]ords. In the name of the King's majesty, [the fourth] of the [sovereign] Princes shall bless with seven [majestic] words [all who] walk [up]rightly. He shall bless all the gods [close to] true knowledge [with seve]n righteous words (for gaining) [his gl]o[rious] favours. In the name of [the majesty] of his marvellous deeds, the fifth [sovereign] Prince shall bless with seven [words] of his exalted truth [all who] ... purity. [He shall bless] all who eagerly do his will with seven [marvellous words. And he shall bless] all who confess him with seven majestic [wor]ds that they may thank [him for ever].

6In the name of [the mighty deeds of] the gods the sixth sovereign Prince shall bless with seven words of his marvellous mighty deeds all who are mighty in wisdom. He shall bless all the perfect of way with seven marvellous words to be in attendance for [ever]. He shall bless all who wait for him with seven marvellous words that they may obtain the return of his [gracious] favours. In the name of his holiness, the seventh of the sovereign Princes shall bless with seven words of his marvellous holiness all the holy founders of kno[wledge. He shall bless] all who exalt his statutes with sev[en] marvellous [wo]rds (which shall be for them) stout shields. He shall bless all [who are destined for] righteousness [and always] forever [pra]ise his glorious kingship with seven [marvellous words] for everlasting peace. In [the name of his holiness] all the [sovereign] Princes [shall bless together] the God of the divine beings [in] all their sevenfold t[estimonies]. They shall bless those destined for righteousness and all the blessed... the eter[na]ll[y ble]ssed for them. Blessed be [the] Lo[r]d, the Kin[g of] all, who is above all blessing and p[raise. He shall bless all the holy] who bless [him and proclaim him righ]te[ous] in the name of his glory. [And he shall b]less all who are blessed for ever. 4Q403 I, i, 30-46 (4Q405) For the Master. Song of the holocaust of the seventh Sabbath on the sixteenth of the month.

7Praise the most high God, O you high among all the gods of knowledge. Let the holy ones of the 'gods' sanctify the King of glory, who sanctifies by his holiness all his holy ones. O Princes of the praises of all the 'gods', praise the God of majestic praises, For in the splendour of praises is the glory of His kingship. In it are (contained) the praises of all the 'gods' together with the

8splendour of all [His] king[ship]. Exalt His exaltation on high, O 'gods', above the gods on high, and His glorious divinity above all the highest heights. For He [is the God of gods], of all the Princes on high, and the King of king[s] of all the eternal councils. By a discerning goodwill (expressed by) the words of His mouth a[ll the gods on high] come into being, at the opening of His lips, all the eternal spirits, by His discerning goodwill, all His creatures in their undertakings. Exult, O you who exult [in his knowledge, with] an exultation among the wonderful 'gods'; utter His glory with the tongue of all who utter knowledge; may His wonderful exultation be in the mouth of all who utter [His knowledge]. [For He] is the God of all who exult in everlasting knowledge, and the Judge through His might of all the spirits of understanding. Celebrate O all celebrating gods, the King of majesty, for all the gods of knowledge celebrate His glory, and all the spirits of righteousness celebrate His truth, and seek acceptance of their knowledge by the judgements of His mouth, and of their celebrations when His mighty hand executes (?) judgements of reward. Sing to the God of power with an offering of the princely spirit, a song of divine joy, and a jubilation among all the holy, a wonderful song for eter[nal] rejoicing. With these all the f[oundations of the hol]y of holies shall praise, the pillars bearing the highest abode, and all the corners of its structure. Sing to the Go[d who is a]wesome in strength ... to extol together the splendid firmament, the supreme purity of [His] holy sanctuary. [Praise] Him, O divine spirits, prai[sing for ever and] ever the firmament of the highest heavens, all ... and its walls, a[l]l its [structure, its shape. [The spi]rits of the hol[y] of holies, the living 'gods', [the spir]its of

9[et]ernal holiness above all the holy [ones]; ... marvellous marvel, majesty and beauty and marvel. [Gl]ory is in the perfect light of knowledge ... in all the marvellous sanctuaries. The divine spirits surround the dwelling of the King of truth and righteousness; all its walls ... 4Q403 I, ii, 6-29 ... and from among them run 'gods' with the appearance of coals of [fire] ... walking round about, most holy spirits ... Holy of Holies, divine spirits, ever(lasting] appearances ... and divine spirits, forms of flaming fire round about it ... wonderful spirits. And the chief dwelling on high, the glory of His kingdom, the innermost sanctuary ... And He consecrates the seven elevated holy places. And a voice of blessing (comes) from the chiefs of His innermost sanctuary ... And a glorious voice of blessing ... is heard by God (the 'gods') and the foundations ... of blessing. And all the ornaments of the innermost sanctuary burst into wonderful prayers in the innermost sanctuary ... of wonder, one innermost sanctuary to another, by the voice of holy crowds, and all their ornaments ... And the chariots of His innermost sanctuary will utter praises together and their cherubim and wheels will bless wonderfully the chiefs of the 'godly' figure and will bless Him in the holy innermost sanctuary. vacat For the Master. Song of the holocaust for the eighth Sabbath on the tw[enty]-third [of the second month]. [Praise the God of all the highest heights, all the holy ones for ever] and ever, they who are second among the priests of the inner Temple, the second council in the wonderful dwelling, with seven words of ... eternally. Extol Him, O sovereign Princes, in his marvellous portion, praise [the God of gods, O you seven priesthoods of His inner Temple]. ... height, the seven wonderful domains by the precept concerning

10His sanctuaries. The sovereign Princes of the [wonderful] priest[hood] ... the seven priest[hoods] in the wonderful sanctuary for seven councils of holiness ... the Prince, the angels of the King in the wonderful dwellings. The knowledge of their understanding is for seven ... Prince from the priest of the inner Temple. The Princes of the congregation of the King in the assembly of ... and praises of exaltation to the King of glory and a tower of ... for the God of gods, the King of purity. The offering of their tongues ... the seven mysteries of knowledge in the wonderful mystery of the seven domains [of] the Ho[ly of holies] ... [The tongue of the first shall be seven times stronger than the tongue of the second; the tongue of the second shall be] seven times [stronger] than that of the third; [the to]ngue of the thi[rd shall be] seven tim[es] stronger [than that of the fourth; the tongue of the fourth shall be seven times stronger than the tongue of the fifth; the tongue of the fifth shall be seven times stronger than the tongue of] the sixth; the tongu[e of the sixth shall be seven times stronger than the] t[ongue of the seventh]; the tongue of the seventh shall be [seven times] stronger [than the tongue of the eighth] ... 4Q405 14-15, i ... tongue of blessing from the likeness [of the gods] issues a [v]oice of blessing for the King of those who exalt, and their wonderful praise is for the God of gods ... their many-coloured ... and they sing ... the vestibules by which they enter, the spirits of the most holy inner Temple ... [And the likene]ss of the living 'gods' is engraved on the vestibules by which the King enters, luminous spiritual figures ... [K]ing, figures of a glorious l[ight, wonderful] spirits; [amo]ng the spirits of splendour there are works of (art of) marvellous colours, figures of the living 'gods' ... [in the] glorious innermost Temple chambers, the structure of [the most ho]ly [sanctuary] in the innermost chambers of the King, design[s of 'go] ds' ... likeness of ... most holy ... [the Temple] chambers of the Ki[ng] ... figur[es of the 'g]o[ds' and from] the likeness

11... of the Holy of Holies ... 4Q405 19 ABCD (IIQ17 vii, 5-6) The figures of the 'gods' shall praise Him, [the most] h[oly] spirits ... of glory; the floor of the marvellous innermost chambers, the spirits of the eternal gods, all ... fi[gures of the innermost] chamber of the King, the spiritual works of the marvellous firmament are purified with salt, [spi]rits of knowledge, truth [and] righteousness in the holy of [hollies, [f]orms of the living 'gods', forms of the illuminating spirits. All their [works (of art)] are marvellously linked, many-coloured [spirits], artistic figures of the 'gods', engraved all around their glorious bricks, glorious figures on b[ri]cks of splendour and majes[ty]. All their works (of art) are living 'gods', and their artistic figures are holy angels. From beneath the marvellous inner[most chambers] comes a sound of quiet silence: the 'gods' bless ... the King ... 4Q405 20 ii, 21—2 ... His glorious chariots. When they go ... they do not turn aside ... but advance straight ... For the Mas[ter. Song of the holocaust of] the twelfth [S]abbath [on the twenty-first of the third month.] [Praise the God of... w]onder, and exalt Him ... of glory in the te[nt of the God of] knowledge. The [cheru]bim prostrate themselves before Him and bless. As they rise, a whispered divine voice [is heard], and there is a roar of praise. When they drop their wings, there is a [whispere] d divine voice. The cherubim bless the image of the throne- chariot above the firmament, [and] they praise [the majes]ty of the luminous firmament beneath His seat of glory. When the wheels advance, angels of holiness come and go. From between His glorious wheels, there is as it were a fiery vision of most holy spirits. About

12them, the appearance of rivulets of fire in the likeness of gleaming brass, and a work of ... radiance in many-coloured glory, marvellous pigments, clearly mingled. The spirits of the living 'gods' move perpetually with the glory of the marvellous chariot(s). The whispered voice of blessing accompanies the roar of their advance, and they praise the Holy One on their way of return. When they ascend, they ascend marvellously and when they settle, they stand still. The sound of joyful praise is silenced and there is a whispered blessing of the 'gods' in all the camps of God. And the sound of praise ... from among all their divisions ... and all their numbered ones praise, each in his turn. 4Q405 23 i ... his whole-offering. The 'gods' praise Him [when they take] up their station, and all the s[pirits of] the clear firm[am]ent rejoice in His glory. A sound of blessing (is heard) from all His divisions speaking of the firmaments of His glory, and His gates praise with a resounding voice. When the gods of knowledge enter by the doors of glory, and when the holy angels depart towards their realm, the entrance doors and the gates of exit proclaim the glory of the King, blessing and praising all the spirits of God when they depart and enter by the gates. None among them skips over a precept, nor do they ... against the saying of the King ... They run not away from the path, nor slip away from His domain. They are neither too high for His commission nor too lowly. For He shall be compassionate in the realm of His furious, destr[oying ange]r; He will not judge in the provinces of His glorious wrath. The fear of the King of 'gods' is awe-inspiring to [al]l the 'gods', [and they undertake] all His commissions by virtue of His true order, and they go ... 4Q405 23 ii

13... At their marvellous stations are spirits, many-coloured like the work of a weaver, splendid engraved figures. In the midst of a glorious appearance of scarlet, colours of the most holy spiritual light, they hold to their holy station before [the K]ing, spirits of [pure] colours in the midst of an appearance of whiteness. The likeness of the glorious spirit is like a work (of art) of sparkling fine gold. All their pattern is clearly mingled like the work (of art) of a weaver. These are the Princes of those marvellously clothed for service, the Princes of the kingdom, the kingdom of the holy ones of the King of holiness in all the heights of the sanctuaries of His glorious kingdom. The Princes in charge of offerings have tongues of knowledge, [and] they bless the God of knowledge among all His glorious works ... IIQ17 viii ... their [mar]vellous marvels by the power of the God of [eter]nity; and they shall exalt the mighty deeds of the G[od] ... From the four foundations of the marvellous firmament they shall pr[oclaim] soundlessly (?) a divine oracle ... wall. They bless and praise the God of gods ...

14Poetic Fragments on Jerusalem and 'King' Jonathan (4Q448 ) Written in a very difficult semi-cursive script, this text has been brilliantly deciphered by Ada Yardeni and edited by Esther and Hanan Eshel. The top part of the fragment, or column A, preserving the first two or three words of ten lines, is an unknown Halleluiah psalm. However, the last three lines have been identified by E. Eshel, as well as by M. Kister, as belonging to the last verses of Psalm 154, included in the Psalms Scroll from 11Q, and partly reconstructed from the Syriac (cf. J. A. Sanders, DJD, IV, col. XVIII, lines 14-16), and ending with an allusion to God's presence in Zion-Jerusalem (cf. p. 307). Column B, with its nine lines, is complete. It opens with a reference to the 'Holy City', associated with 'King' Jonathan, but the main theme appears to be a blessing of God's kingdom and name on behalf of the entire people of Israel. Note that Column A also ends with a mention of Zion-Jerusalem. Column C, with the second half of each of its nine lines missing, also mentions Israel, together with God's name and kingdom, as well as what seems to be 'the day of war'. The editors believe that they can read 'Jonathan' in line 8, but this is far from certain. 4Q448 is a unique and significant Qumran text of historical importance. The editors assume that King Jonathan is Alexander Jannaeus or Yannai, i.e. a Hasmonaean ruler who, as a general rule, is presumed by scholars to have been hostile to the Qumran Community. They conjecture, therefore, that 4Q448 is not a sectarian composition. I prefer, by contrast, to identify 'King' Jonathan as Jonathan Maccabaeus at the start of his political-military career, when he was celebrated as the liberator of the Jews and of Jerusalem, and link this

15text to the statement of the Habakkuk Commentary in VIII, 8-9, concerning the good behaviour 'when he first arose' of the ruler who was to become the Wicked Priest. The identification of 'King Jonathan' with Jonathan Maccabaeus proposed by me is shared also by E. Puech. The name 'Jonathan' appears without context on a badly damaged fragment designated 4Q523; see E. Puech, DJD, XXV, 75- 83. The script is dated to 150-125 BCE, which would suggest that the person in question is the Maccabee brother rather than Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 BCE). For the editio princeps, see Esther Eshel, Hanan Eshel and Ada Yardeni, DJD, XI, 403-25; see also G. Vermes, 'The So-called King Jonathan Fragment (4Q448)', JJS 44 (1993), 294-300. Column A Halleluiah. Psal[m ... ] Thou hast loved as a father ... Thou hast acted as a prince over ... vacat And those who ha[te Thee... ] fear ... The many announce... fear ... And for those who are perfect... [Behold the eyes of the Lord have compassion on the good, and His mercy] is [great] over those who glorify Him. [From an evil time He saves their soul. He redeems] the poor from the hand of oppressors, [and delivers the perfect from the hand of the wicked. He desires] his tabernacle in Zion, (and) ch[ooses Jerusalem for ever]. Column B Holy City for King Jonathan and for all the congregation of Thy people Israel, who are in the four corners of heaven. May the peace of them all be on Thy kingdom! May Thy name be blessed.

16Column C I will ... [in] Thy love ... during the day and until the evening... to draw near to be ... to visit them for a blessing... on Thy name which is invoked ... kingdom to be blessed... [o]n t[he] day war... to King Jonathan (?) ...

Hymn of Glorification A and B (4Q491, fr. 11—4Q471b)

1Two different versions of the same poem have been preserved. The first was originally thought to be part of the War Scroll (Ma, 4Q491, fr. 11) and was identified as 'The Song of Michael and the Just' by its editor, M. Baillet. The editor of the second text, Esther Eshel, proposes the more likely interpretation that the speaker of the hymn is the eschatological high priest, first humiliated by his opponents before sharing the glory of the 'gods' or 'holy ones'. The troubled career of the last priest is also alluded to in the Aramaic Testament of Levi (4Q541, fr. 9). For the editio princeps, see M. Baillet, DJD, VII, 26-30 (4Q491) and E. Eshel, DJD,XXI, 421-32 (4Q471b). Glorification Hymn A (4Q491, fr. 11) ... the righ[teo]us exult [in the streng]th of His might and the holy ones rejoice in ... in righteousness ... He has established it in Israel Since ancient times His truth and the mysteries of His wisdom (have been) in al[l] ... power ... and the council of the poor into an eternal congregation ... the perfect... [et]ernity a throne of strength in the congregation of 'gods' so that not a single king of old shall sit on it, neither shall their noble men... My glory is incomparable, and apart from me none is exalted. None shall come to me for I dwell in ... in heaven, and there is no... I am reckoned with the 'gods' and my dwelling-place is in the congregation of holiness.

2[My] des[ire] is not according to the flesh, [and] all that I value is in the glory of... [... the pl]ace of holiness. Who is counted despicable on my account, and who is comparable to me in my glory? Who is like... the young (?) like me? Is there a companion who resembles me? There is none! I have been taught and no instruction resembles [my instruction] ... Who shall attack me when [I] op[en my mouth]? And who can contain the issue of my lips? Who shall summon me to be destroyed by my judgement? ... [F]or I am reckoned with the 'gods', and my glory is with the sons of the King. No pure gold or gold of Ophir ... Glorification Hymn B (4Q471b) I am reckoned with the 'gods' and my dwelling-place is in the congregation of holiness. Who is counted as me to be despised and who is despised as me? And who is like me, forsaken [by men (Isa. liii, 3), and is there] a companion who resembles me? And no instruction resembles my instruction. [For] I sit... Who is like me among the 'gods'? [And who shall attack me when I open my mouth]? And who can contain the issue of my lips? And who [shall summon me to be destroyed by my judgement]? [For I am] the beloved of the King and the friend of the ho[ly ones]. [No-one] ... and no-one is comparable [to my glory]. For I [have my station with the 'gods', and my glory is with the sons of the King].

3I will not be cr[owned with pure gold nor with the gold of Ophir] ... Sing...

4C. Calendars, Liturgies and Prayers

5'Phases of the Moon', Israel Antiquities Authority

Calendars of Priestly Courses (4Q320-30, 337)

1Twelve fragmentary manuscripts from Cave 4, palaeographically dated to the late second century BCE, present in various forms the peculiar 'solar' calendar - constructed in six-year sequences - of the Qumran Community. Their year consisted of twelve months of thirty days each, plus four extra days added to each of the four seasons (cf. above, pp. 78-9). Some documents from 4Q (320 and 321) attempt to combine this calendar with the various priestly courses which served in turn in the Temple for a week at a time from one sabbath to the following Friday. They also combine it with the dates of the full moon given according to the days of the week of duty of the priestly course, the date of the solar month and the equivalent date of the lunar calendar of mainstream Judaism (a year of twelve months of 29 or 30 days = 354 days). E.g. (The full moon falls): 'On the 5th (day) in the week of Jedaiah, corresponding to the 29th day of the lunar month, which falls on the 30th day of the 1st solar month.' 4Q321 records in addition the occurrence of the New Moon. E.g. 'And the New Moon is on the third day in the week of Mijamin which is on the twelfth day in the eighth month.' An alternative interpretation suggests that the term in question (duqah) designates the day after the full moon. 4Q321a is very fragmentary, but it seems almost identical to 4Q321. For the editio princeps, see S. Talmon with J. Ben-Dov, DJD, XXI, 1-156. The following table will help readers understand the relationship between the priestly courses on weekly duty, the 'solar' dates, the moon's phases and the feast-days falling in the month in question. First month of the first year in a six-year cycle Sigla: bold number=feast; t=New Moon; ††=full moon

2Mishmarot A (4Q320) Fr. 1 i I ... to show it from the east. [And] to cause it to shine [in] the middle of heaven, in the foundation [of the creat]ion, from evening till morning. (There is full moon) On the 4th (day) in the week [of the sons of G]amul in the first month of [the firs]t year. [On the 5th (day) in (the week of) Jedai]ah, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month, which falls) on the 30th (day) of the 1st (solar month). [On the sabbath in (the week of) Hak]koz, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month, which falls) on the 30th of the second (solar month). [On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Elia]shib, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month), (which falls) on the 29th (day) in the third (solar month). [On the 3rd (day) in (the week of) Bilg]ah, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month, which falls) on the 28th day in the fourth (solar month). [On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Peta]hiah, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 27th day in the fifth (solar month).

3On the 6th (day) in (the week of) Delaiah, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 27th (day) in the sixth (solar month). [On the sabbath in (the week of) Seori]m, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 25th (day) in the seventh (solar month). [On the 2nd (day) in (the week of) Abiah, (corresponding) to the 3]oth (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 25th (day) in the eighth (solar month). [On the 3rd (day) in (the week of) Jakim, (corresponding) to the 2]9th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 24th (day) in the ninth (solar month). II On the 5th (day) in (the week of) Immer, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 23rd (day) in the tenth (solar month). On the 6th (day) in (the week of) Jehezekel, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 22nd (day) in the eleventh (solar) month. On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Jeiarib, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 22nd (day) in the twelfth (solar) month.

4The second year: On the 2nd (day) in (the week of) Malchiah, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 20th (day) in the first (solar month). On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Jeshua, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 20th (day) in the second (solar month). On the 5th (day) in (the week of) Huppah, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 19th [in the third] (month). On the sabbath in (the week of) Pizzez, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 18th in the f[ourth] (month). On the 1st (day) in Gamul, (corresponding) to the [29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 17th day in the fifth] (solar month).

5On the 3rd (day) in (the week of) Jedaiah, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) [on the 17th (day) in the sixth] (solar month). On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Mijamin, (corresponding) to the 2 [9th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 15th day] in the seventh (solar month). On the 6th (day) in Shecaniah, (corresponding) to the 3[oth (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 15th (day) in the eighth] (solar month). On the sabbath in (the week of) Bil[gah, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 14th (day) in the ninth] (solar month). [On the 2nd (day) in (the week of) Petahiah, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 13th (day) in the tenth] (solar month). Fr. 2 On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Je[shua, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 5th (day) in the seventh] (solar month). On the 3rd (day) in (the week of) Huppah, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 5th (day) in the eighth (month). On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Hezir, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 4th (day) in the ninth (solar month). On the 6th (day) in Jachin, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 3rd (day) in the tenth (solar month). On the sabbath in (the week of) Jedaiah, (corresponding) to the 29th (day of the lunar month which falls) on the 2nd (day) of the eleventh (solar) month. On the 2nd (day) [of Mijami]n, (corresponding) to the 30th (day of the lunar month which falls on) the second day in the twelfth (solar) month.

6Fr. 3 i II ... the days, the sabbaths [and] the months [for] years and for sabbatical years and for jubilees. On the 4th (day) of the week of the sons of Gamul. Fr. 4 iii III The first year: its feasts. On the third (day in the week of) Meoziah: the Passover. On the 1st (day) [in (the week of) Jeda[iah]: the Waving of the [Sheaf]. On the 5th (day) in (the week of) Seorim: the [Second] Passover. vacat On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Jeshua: the Feast of Weeks. On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Meoziah: the Day of Memorial. [On] the 6th (day) in Jeiarib: the Day of Atonement [in the] seventh [month]. vacat [On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Jeda]iah: the Feast of Tabernacles.

7The second (year): its feasts. [On the 3rd (day)] in (the week of) Seorim: the Passov[er]. [On the 1st (day)] in (the week of) Mijamin: the Waving of the [Sheaf]. [On the 5th (day) in (the week of) Abiah: the Second Passover]. Fr. 4 IV On the 1st (day) [in (the week of) H]uppah: [the Feast of W]eeks. On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Seorim: the Day of Mem[orial]. On the 6th (day) in (the week of) Malchia[h]: the Day of Ato[nement]. On [the 4th (day) in (the week of)] Mijamin: the Feast of Tabernacles. vacat

8The third (year): its feasts. On the 3rd (day) in (the week of) Abiah: the Passover. On the 21st (day) in (the week of) Shecaniah: the Waving of the Sheaf. On the 5th (day) in (the week of) Jakim: the [Second] Passover. On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Hezir: [the Feast of Weeks]. On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Abiah: the Day of Memorial. On the 6th (day) in (the week of) Jeshua: the Day of Atonement. On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Shecaniah: the Feast of Tabernacles.

9Thefourth(year): its feasts. V [On the 3rd (day) in (the week of) Jaki]m: the Passover. On the 1st (day) [in (the week of) Jeshebeab: the Waving of the Sheaf. On [the 5th (day) in (the week of) Im]mer: the Second Passover. [On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Piz]zez: [the Feast] of Weeks. [On] the 4th (day) in (the week of) Jakim: the Day of Memorial. [On] the 6th (day) in (the week of) Huppah: the Day of Atonement. [On the 4th] (day) in (the week of) Jeshebeab: the Feast of Tabernacles. vacat

10[The fifth (year): its feasts.] On the 3rd (day) in (the week of) Immer: the Passover. On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Pizzez: the Waving of the Sheaf. [On the 5th (day)] in (the week of) Jehezekel: the Second Passover. [On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Joiari]b: the Feast of [Weeks]. [On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Immer: the Day of Memorial].

11VI On the 6th (day) in (the week of) Hezir: the Day of Atonement. On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Pizzez: the Feast of Tabernacles. vacat

12The sixth (year): its feasts. On the 3rd (day) in (the week of) Jehezekel: the Passov[er].

13On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Gamul: the Waving of the Sheaf. [On the 3rd (day)] in (the week of) Maaziah: the [Second] Passover. On the 1st (day) in (the week of) Malchiah: the Feast of [Weeks]. [On] the 4th (day) in (the week of) Jehezeke[l: the Day of Memorial]. [On] the 6th (day) in (the week of) Jachin: [the Day of Atonement. On the 4th (day) in (the week of) Gamul: the Feast of Tabernacles] ... Mishmarot B (4Q321, fr. 1) I [And the New Moon is on the 1st (day) in (the week of) Jedaiah which is on the twel]fth (day) in it (=the seventh month). On the second (day) in (the week of) Abia[h which is on the] twe[nty- fifth (day) in the eighth (month). And the New Moon is on the third (day) in (the week of) Mijamin which is on the twelfth (day)] in (the eighth month). On the third (day) in (the week of) Jakim which is on the [twenty]-fou [rth (day) in the ninth (month). And the New Moon is on the fourth (day) in Shecaniah which is on the eleve]nth (day) in (the ninth month). On the fifth (day) in (the week of) Immer which is on the thirteenth (day) in the ten[th (month). And the New Moon is on the sixth (day) in (the week of) Je]shabeab [which is on the tenth (day) in (the tenth month)]. On [the s]ixth (day) in (the week of) Jehezekel which is on the twenty- second (day) in the eleventh (month). And [the New Moon is on sabbath in (the week of)] Petahiah which is [on the ninth (day) in (the eleventh month)]. On the first (day) in (the week of) Joiarib which is on the twenty- second (day) in the twelfth month. And [the New Moon is on the secon]d (day) in (the week of) Delaiah [which is on the ninth (day) in (the twelfth month)]. vacat

14[The] second (year), the first (month). On the second (day) in (the week of) Malchiah which is on the twen[tieth (day) in the first (month).

15And] the New Moon [is on the third (day) in (the week of) Harim which is on the se]venth (day) in (the first month). On the fourth (day) in (the week of) Jeshua which is [on] the twentieth (day) in the second (month). And [the New Moon is on the fifth (day) in (the week of)] Hakkoz which is on the ninth (day) [in (the second month). On the fifth (day) in (the week of) Huppah which is on the nine]teenth (day) in the third (month). And the New Mo[on] is on the sixth (day) [in (the week of) E]l[iashib] which is on the sixth (day) [in (the third month). On the sabba]th in (the week of) Pizzez Fr. 2 II [which is on the eighteenth (day) in the fourth (month). And the New Moon is on the first (day) in (the week of) Immer which is on the fifth (day)] in (the fourth month). On the first (day) in (the week of) [Gamul, which is on the seventeenth (day) in the fifth (month)]. [And the New Moon is on the second (day) in (the week of) Je]hezek[el which is on the fourth (day) in (the fifth month). On the third (day) in (the week of) Jed]aiah which is on [the seventeenth (day) in the sixth (month). And the New Moon is on the fourth (day)] in (the week of) Maoziah which is on the fourth (day) in (the sixth month). On the fourt[h (day) in (the week of) Mijamin which is on the fifteenth (day)] in the seventh (month). And the New Moon is on the f[ifth (day)] in (the week of) Seorim which is on the second in (the seventh month). On the sixth (day) in (the week of) Shecaniah which is on the fif[teenth (day) in the eighth (month). And the New] Moon is on the sabbath in Abiah which is on the second (day) in (the eighth month). [On the sabbath in (the week of) Bilgah] which is on the fourteenth (day) of the ninth (month). And the New Moon is [on the first (day)] in the ninth month.

16And the second [New Moo]n is on the third (day) in [(the week of) Hezir, which is on the thirty]-first in [(the ninth month). On] the second (day) in (the week of) Petahiah which is on the thir[teenth (day) in the tenth (month)]. And the New Moon is on the fourt[h (day) in (the week of) Ja]chin which is on the twenty-nin[th (day) in (the tenth month)]. On [the third (day) in (the week of) Delai]ah which is on the twelfth (day) in the ele[venth month. And the New] Moon is on the sixth (day) in (the week of) Joiar[ib which is on the tw]enty-ninth (day) in [(the eleventh month)]. On the fifth (day) in (the week of) Harim which is on the twelfth (day) of the twelfth month. And the New Moo[n] is on the sabbath [in (the week of)] Mijamin which is on the twenty-eighth (day) in (the twelfth month). The third (year). The [first] (month). [On the sixth (day) in (the week of) Hakkoz which is on the tenth (day)] in the first (month). Fr. 3 III And the New Moon is on the second (day) in (the week of) Shecaniah which is on the twenty-seventh (day) in (the first month). On the first (day) in (the week of) Jakim which is on the tenth (day) in the second (month). And the New Moon is on the third (day) in (the week of) Jeshebeab which is on the twenty-sixth (day) in (the second month). On the second (day) in (the week of) Immer which is on the ninth (day) in the third (month). And the New Moon is on the fifth (day) in (the week of) Pizzez which is on the twenty-sixth (day) in (the third month). On the fourth (day) in (the week of) Jehezekel which is on the eighth (day) in the fourth (month). And the New Moon is on the sixth (day) in (the week of) Gamul which is on the twenty-fourth (day) in (the fourth month). On the fifth (day) in (the week of) Meoziah which is on the seventh (day) in the fifth (month). And the New Moo]n is on the first (day) in (the week of) Har[im which

17is on the twenty-fourt]h (day) in (the fifth month). On the sabbath in (the week of) Mal[chiah which is on the seventh (day) of the sixth (month). And the New Moon is on the second (day) in (the week of) Hakkoz which is on the twenty-third (day) in (the sixth month). On the first (day) in (the week of) Jeshua which is on the fifth (day)] in the seventh (month). And the New Moon on the fourth (day) in (the week of) Eliashib which is on the [twenty-]second (day) [in (the seventh month). On the third (day) in (the week of) Huppah which is on the fifth (day) in the eighth (month). And the New Moon is in the fifth (day) in (the week of) Bilgah which is on the twenty-first (day) in] (the eighth month). On the fourth (day) in (the week of) Hezir which is on the fourth (day) in the ninth (month). And the New Moon is on the sabbath in (the week of) J[ehezekel which is on the twenty-first (day) in (the ninth month). On the sixth (day) in (the week of) Jachin which is on the third (day) in the tenth (month). And the New Moon is on the first (day) in (the week of) Maaziah which is on the nine]teenth in (the tenth month). On the sabbath in (the week of) Jedaiah which is on the second (day) in the eleventh month. And the New Moon is [on the third (day) in Seorim which is on the nineteenth (day) in (the eleventh month). On the second (day) in (the week of) Mijamin which is on the second (day) in the twelfth month. And the New] Moon is on the fourth (day) in (the week of) Abiah which is on the eighteenth (day) in (the twelfth month).

18The fourth (year). On the fourth (day) in (the week of) Shecan[iah which is on the first (day) in the first month]. And the New Moon is on the sixth (day) in (the week of) Jakim which is on the seventeenth (day) in (the first month). [On the fifth (day) in (the week of) Pizzez which is on the thirtieth

19(day) in] the first (month). On the sabbath [in (the week of)] Petahiah which is on the thirtieth of the second month. And the New Moon is on the first (day) in (the week of) Hez[ir which is on the seventeenth (day) in it. On the first (day) in (the week) of Delaiah, which is on the twenty-ninth] Fr. 4 I [On the fifth (day) in the (week) of Jakim which is on the seventh (day) in the fifth (month). And the N]ew Moon is on the first (day) in [(the week of) Bilg]ah which is on the twe[nty-f]ou[r]th (day) in (the fifth month). On the sabbath in (the week of) Hezir which is on the sevent[h (day) in the sixth (month). And the New Moon is on the second (day) in (the week of) Petahiah] which is on the twenty-third (day) in (the sixth month). On the first (day) in (the week of) Jachin which is on the fifth (day) in the seventh (month). And the New Moon is on the fourth (day) [in (the week of) Delaiah which is on the twenty-second (day)] in (the seventh month). On the third (day) in (the week of) Joiarib which is on the fifth (day) in the eighth (month). And the New Moon is on the fifth (day) in (the week of) Harim [which is on the twenty-first (day) in the eighth month. On the fou]rth (day) in (the week of) Malchiah which is on the fourth (day) in the ninth (month). And the New Moon is on the sabbath in (the week of) Abiah which is on the [twenty-]first (day) in ([the ninth month). On the sixth (day) in (the week of) Je]shua which is [on] the third (day) in the tenth (month). And the New Moon is on the first (day) in (the week of) Jakim which is on the nineteenth (day) in [(the tenth month). On the sabbath in (the week of) Jeshebeab which is on the second (day) of the elev]enth month.

20And the New Moon is on the thi[rd (day) in (the week of) Immer] which is on the nineteenth (day) in (the eleventh month). [On the second (day) in (the week of) Pizzez which is on the second (day) in the twel]fth month. And the New Moon is on the four[th (day) in (the week of) Jehezek]el which is on the eighteenth (day) [in the twelfth month.] vacat ... (First year) [In the first] month in (the week of) Gamul; [on the thir]d (day) in (the week of) Ma[aziah: Passover. In (the week of) Jedaiah: the Waving of the Sheaf. The (first day) of the second (month) is in (the week of) Jedaiah; in (the week of) Seorim: the Second Passover. (The first day of the) third (month is) in (the week of Hakkoz.]

21V in Jeshua: the Feast of Week[s] is in it. [The fou]r[th (month begins) in (the week of) E]liashib. The fifth (month begins) in [(the week of) Bilgah. The sixth (month begins) in (the week of) J]ehezekel. The seve[nth (month begins) in (the week of) Maoziah]. In Maoziah is the Day of Memorial. In Joiarib is the Day of Atonement. In Jedaiah is [the Feast of] Tabernacles. The eighth (month begins) [in (the week of) Seorim]. The ninth (month begins) in (the week of) Jeshua. The tenth (month begins) in (the week of) Huppah. The eleventh (month begins) in (the week of) Hezir. The twelfth (month begins) in (the week of) Gamul. vacat

22The second (year). The first (month begins) in (the week of) Jedaia[h]. In (the week of) Seorim is the Passover. In (the week of) Mijamin is the Waving of the Sheaf. The second (month begins) in (the week of) M[ijamin. In (the week of) Abiah] is the Second Passover. The [third (month begins) in (the week of) E]l[iashib] and in (the week of) Hu[ppah] is the Feast of Weeks. [The] fourth (month begins) [in (the week of) B]ilgah.

23The fifth (month begins) in (the week of) Petahiah. [The sixth (month begins) in (the week of) Maaziah. The seventh (month begins) in (the week of) Seorim. In (the week of) Seorim is the Da]y of Memorial. In (the week of) Malchiah [is the Day of] Atonement. In (the week of) Mijamin [is the Feast] of Tabernacles. [The eighth (month begins) in (the week of) Abiah. The ninth (month begins) in (the week of)] Huppah. The tenth (month begins) in (the week of) Hezir. The e[leventh] (month begins) in (the week of) Jachin. [The twel]fth mo[nt]h (begins) [in (the week of) Jedaiah]. vacat

24The third (year). The first (month begins) in (the week of) M[ijam]in. In (the week of) Abiah is the Passover. In (the week of) Shecaniah is the Waving of the Sheaf. The se[cond] (month begins) in (the week of) Shecaniah and in (the week of) Jakim is the Second Passover. The third (month begins) in (the week of) Bilgah. In [(the week of) Hez]ir Fr. 4—5 VI [is the Feast] of Week[s. The fourt]h (month begins) in [(the week of) Petahiah. The fifth (month begins) in (the week of) Delaiah. The sixth (month begins) in (the week of) Seorim. In the seventh (month), in (the week of) Abiah is the D]ay [of Memorial. In (the week of) Jeshua] is the D[ay of Atonement. In (the week of) Shecania]h is the Feast of Tabernacles. The ei[ghth (month begins) in (the week of) Jakim. The ninth (month begins) in (the week of) Hezir. The tenth] (month begins) in (the week of) Jachin. The ele[venth month begins] in (the week of) Joiarib. [The twel]fth month (begins) in (the week of) Mij]amin.

25The fourth (year). The first (month begins) in (the week of) Shecaniah. In (the week of) Jakim is the Passover. In (the week of) Jeshebeab is the Waving of the Sheaf. The second (month begins) in (the week of) Jeshebeab. In (the week of) Im[mer is the Second Passover. In (the week of) Jachin is the Fe]ast of [Weeks. The fourth (month begins) in (the week of) Delaiah. The fifth] (month begins) in (the week of) Harim. The sixth (month begins) in [(the week of) Abiah. The se]venth (month begins) [in (the week of) Jakim]. In (the week of) Jaki[m is the Da]y [of Memorial]. In (the week of) Huppah [is the Day of Atonement. In (the week of) Jeshebeab is the Feast of Tabernacle]s. The eighth (month begins) in (the week of) Immer. The ninth (month begins) in [(the week of) Jachin. The tenth (month begins) in (the week of) Joiari]b. The ele[vent]h [month (begins)] in (the week of) Ma[Ichiah. The twelfth month (begins) in (the week of) Shecaniah]. vacat The fifth (year). The f[irst] (month begins) in [(the week of) Jeshebeab. In (the week of) Immer] is the Passover. In (the week of) Pi[zzez i]s the Waving of the Sheaf. The se[cond (month begins) in (the week of) Pizze]z. In Jehezekel is the Second Passover. The third (month begins) in [(the week of) Delaiah. In (the week of) Joiarib is the Feast of W]eeks. The f[ourth] (month begins) in (the week of) Harim. The fifth (month begins) in (the week of) Hakk[o]z. [The si]xth (month begins) in (the week of) Jakim. The seventh (month begins) in (the week of) Immer. In (the week of) Immer is the Day of Memori[al. In (the week of) Hezir is the Day of Atonement. In (the week of) Pi]zzez is the Feast of Tabernacles. The eighth (month begins) in (the week of) Jehezekel. The ninth (month begins) in (the week of) Joiar[ib] and the tenth (month begins)

26Fr. 5 VII [in (the week of) Malchiah. The eleventh month (begins) in (the week of) Jeshua. The twelfth month (begins) in (the week of) Jeshebeab.

27[The sixth (year). The first (month begins) in (the week of) Pizzez. In (the week of) Jehezekel is the Passover. In (the week of) Gamul is the Waving of the Sheaf. The second (month begins) in (the week of) Gamul. In (the week of) Maaziah is the Second Passover. The third month (begins) in (the week of) Harim. In (the week of) Malchiah is the Feast of Weeks. The fourth (month begins) in (the week of) Hakkoz. The fifth (month begins) in (the week of) Eliashib. The sixth (month begins) in (the week of) Immer. The seventh (month begins) in (the week of) Jehezekel. In (the week of) Jehezekel is the Day of Memorial. In (the week of) Jachin is the Day of Atonement. In (the week of) Gamul i]s the Feast [of Tabernacles. The eighth (month begins) in (the week of) Maaziah. The ninth (month begins) in (the week of) Malchiah. The tenth (month begins) in (the week of) Jeshua]. The eleven[th] month (begins) in (the week of) Huppah. [The twelfth month (begins) in (the week of) Pizzez]. Mishmarot D (4Q325) Fr. 1 [... Passover on the thi]rd (day of the week). On the eighteenth (day) in

28(the first month) is the sabbath of [(the week of) Joiarib] ... in the evening. On the twenty-fifth (day) in (the first month) is the sabbath of (the week of) Jedaiah. During the same week is [the Feast] of Barley on the twenty-sixth (day) in (the first month), after the sabbath. The beginning of the [second] month [is on the s]ixth [day] of (the week of) Jedaiah. On the second (day) in (the second month) is the sabbath of Harim. On the ninth (day) in (the second month) is the sabbath [of Seorim]. On the sixteenth (day) in (the second month) is the sabbath of Malchiah. On the twenty-third (day) in (the second month) [is the sabbath of M]ijamin. On the thirtieth (day) in (the second month) is the sabbath of Hakkoz. vacat The beginning of the third month after the sabbath Fr. 2 [On the sixth (day) in (the week of) Bilgah. On the second (day) in (the fifth month) is the sabbath of I]mmer. On the thi[r]d (day) i[n (the fifth month) is the Feast of the New Wine after the sabbath of Immer. On] the ninth (day) in (the fifth month) is the sabbath of Hezir. [On the sixteenth (day) in (the fifth month) is the sabbath of Aphses. On the twenty-]third (day) in (the fifth month) is the sabbath [of Petahiah. On the thirtieth (day) in (the fifth month) is the sabbath of Jehezekel. The beginni]ng of the sixth month is after the sabbath (=Sunday) of Jehezekel. On the seventh (day) in (the sixth month) is the sabbath of Jachin. On the fou]rteenth (day) [in (the sixth month) is the sabbath of Gamul. On the twenty-first (day) in (the sixth month) is the sabbath of Delaiah. On the twenty-]second (day) in (the sixth month) is the Feast of New Oil. After the Feast of New Oil is the Feast of the Offering of Wo]od. Mishmarot F (4Q328)

29... [In the fifth (year): Jeshabe]ab. In the sixth: Hapizzez. These are the beginnings of the years. [In the first [year]: Gamul, Eliash[ib], Moazia[h, Huppah. In] the second: Jedaiah, Bilgah, Se[or]im, He[zir]. [In the third]: Mij[amin], Petahiah, Ab[iah, Jachin]. [In the fourth: Shecaniah, De]laiah, Jakim, Joia[rib. In the fifth: Jeshabeab, Harim, Immer, Malchiah. In the s[ixth: Hapizzez, ]...